933 



administration, coordination, and financial support of U.S. participa- 

 tion in joint scientific activities." ^^^ The Office of International Scien- 

 tific Affairs (now OIP) was given operating functions. This office 

 "effects coordination with other components of the Foundation and 

 with other agencies to ensure that scientific projects undertaken are of 

 the highest quality and of benefit to U.S. science." ^^^ In September 

 1961, NSF supplemented its already existing science liaison office in 

 the American Embassy in Tokyo, to assist in administering the U.S. 

 segment of the program. In 1961 the Tokyo office had a staff of three 

 Americans and three Japanese."" 



Two organizations were named as implementing agencies for 

 Japan: the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, (JSPS), and 

 the Science and Technology Agency. As the program developed, 

 JSPS, under the auspices of the Ministry of Education, becanie the 

 primary agency, since its authority encompassed the major portion of 

 the overall program activity."^ 



To assist in promoting joint activities the implementing agencies 

 appointed joint advisory panels of scientists, one panel in each country 

 for each program area. These panels and their constituent subpanels 

 met at irregular intervals as required. In 1962 there were panels 

 concerned with exchange of scholars, exchange of scientific informa- 

 tion, earth sciences of the Pacific area, biological sciences, and medical 

 sciences. In 1963, panels were added for education in the sciences and 

 hurricane and typhoon research, and in 1966, a panel on pesticides 

 research."^ 



According to the Joint Committee, "In the earl}- years of the 

 Program, these panels played a vital role in identifjdng specific projects 

 falling under their general area, informing other scientists about the 

 program and encouraging their participation, and in some cases, 

 serving as the communication link between American and Japanese 

 scientists." "^ In 1968, the panel system was abandoned as the program 

 gathered its own momentum and expanded into mutual areas of interest: 



The panel system was particularly useful to the Japanese implementing agencies 

 since their organizations were unlike that of the NSF, where scientific staffing 

 and review panels already existed. ... As the program . . . grew and brought 

 more U.S. and Japanese scientists together, new cooperative projects and seminars 

 ^vere generated by the scientists themselves, as the catalytic action of the panels 

 was no longer critical. At its eighth meeting . . . the . . . Committee recom- 

 mended that . . . cooperation ... be expanded to include all the natural sciences, 

 broadly interpreted to include mathematical and engineering sciences as well 

 as those areas of the social sciences that can be studied with the methods of natural 

 sciences. Acting on this recommendation NSF and JSPS dissolved the panels."* 



At the same time, the Committee created eight categories for 

 administration of an expanded program and recommended that the 



188 "U.S.-Japan Cooperative Science Programs, FY 1963," op. cit., p. 6. 



i«« Idem. 



I'o Establishment and Operations of the NSF-Tokyo Office, In NSF, Eleverdh Annual Report, 1961, op. 

 cit., pp. 138-139. 



"1 "Status of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Science Program ... as of March 31, 1970," op. cit.: p. 6. 



"2 V.S.-Japan Crnimiitee on Scientific Cooperative: The First Five Years, op. cit., pp. 23-29. 



i'3 "Status of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Science Program ... as of March 31, 1970," op. cit., pp. 7-8. 

 The chairmen of some of the early panels were: Exchange of Scholars: Dr. Dael Wolfle, Dr. Detlev W. 

 Bronk, Dr. Allan H. Brown, and Dr. Thomas Fontaine; Exchange of Scientific Information and Materials: 

 Dr. Edwin H. Land, Dr. Emanuel R. Piore, Dr. Henry Bimbaum, Dr. Allen V. Astin; Earth Sciences 

 of the Pacific Area: Dr. Geoffrey Keller, Dr. Roger Revelle, Dr. William W. Rubey, Dr. Thomas 0. Jones; 

 Biological Sciences: Dr. Harve J. Carlson, Dr. Ernst Mayr, Dr. Q. E. Hilbert, Dr. Caryl Haskms, Dr. 

 Harold J. CooUdge, Dr. David Keck; Medical Sciences: Dr. H. W. Magonu Magoun, Dr. Kenneth Endicott, 

 Dr. Alfred GeUhom; Education in the Sciences: Dr. Mark H. Ingraham; Hurricane and Typhoon Research: 

 Dr. Francis Reichelderier; Pesticides Research: Dr. Robert Metcalf. (U.S.-Japan Committee on Scientific 

 Cooperation: The First Five Years: 1961-1966, op. cit., pp. 23-9.) 



i'« Ibid., p. 8. 



