935 



six months to a year. The formal proposal must "fully describe the 

 project, including: description of proposed work, the value of the visit 

 to the investigator and to U.S. science, length and dates of visit, 

 host institution, manner or report, curriculum vitae, and list of 

 publications." A proposal should show that the applicant has been in 

 touch with Japanese scientists with whom he wishes to work; copies 

 of correspondence should be attached. If a U.S. scientist wishes to 

 work in Japan and has no contacts, the OIP will assist him. Both 

 Japan and the United States must approve the proposal. If it is 

 approved "the visiting scientist must write a report on his visit to 

 Japan. In addition to an account of his research activity in Japan, the 

 report should note with whom he worked, institutions visited, travel 

 in Japan and general comments. Publication of research results in an 

 appropriate journal is encouraged." ^^^ 



Only a small number of U.S. scientists have participated in the 

 visiting scientist program since its inception: 87 for both short- and 

 long-tenn visits during the period 1963-1970. Forty-siK of these 

 spent six months or longer working in a Japanese laboratory; the 

 remaining 41 made shorter visits.^*" Although there are some in- 

 consistencies in information reported for each year, available annual 

 data indicate that American enthusiasm for the program may be 

 waning. U.S. visiting scientists sent to Japan, by years from 1963 

 to 1969, numbered 2, 13, 32, 27, 15, 14, and 18. Durmg fiscal year 

 1973, 6 Americans went to Japan under the long-term visiting scientist 

 segment of the program, and 6-8 for short-term visits. ^^^ 



Cooperative research. — Although the OIP implements coopera- 

 tive research activities, under the U.S. -Japan program, it does not 

 usually provide primar}-- support for the American portion of the 

 program. Other NSF divisions and other Governmeiit agencies and 

 nongovernmental organizations also fund such research. Proposals for 

 visiting scientists and seminars are accepted in any scientific area; 

 however, proposals for joint research projects were limited initially to 

 the specific scientific areas of earth and atmospheric sciences of the 

 Pacific, animal and plant geography and ecology of the Pacific area, 

 and cancer research. In 1962, the somewhat limited areas of support 

 in biology and medicine were enlarged; hurricane and typhoon 

 research, and education in the sciences were added as new areas. In 

 1965, research on pesticides was recommended as a new area for 

 cooperative research. ^^^ 



According to NSF, "162 cooperative investigations, with counter- 

 part projects in each country, have been supported in the lifetime of 

 the agreement." Some specific projects have been described: 



Noteworthy scientific advances have been achieved in geophysical studies on 

 earthquakes, volcanoes, and in meterology, in the study of hurricanes, typhoons 

 and cyclones. For example, U.S. and Japanese meterologists were able to track 

 simultaneously the mesocyclone. Data collected by Japanese land-based radar 

 were combined with American meteorological satellite data to produce a . . . 

 S3'noptic chart of the cyclone. Combined study and surveillance of potentially 

 destructive storms benefit both countries by providing early warning to inter- 

 national shipping and air lanes as weU as to populations on land areas situated 

 in the probable path of the storm.i*' 



178 "Guidelines for Submitting a Proposal to the NSF for a Visiting Scientist Grant," August 1969. 



"" "Summary Record, Joint Staff Meeting, U.S.-Japan Cooperative Science Program, Washington, D.C., 

 September 1969," p. 13. These data are taken from a report prepared to correspond with the Japanese fiscal 

 year which is different from the U.S. fiscal year. NSF figures, based on the U.S. fiscal year, are incomplete; 

 this figure is an adequate representation of the number of U.S. scientists visiting Japan under the program. 



'*' 1974 National Science Foundation Authorization: Hearings, op. cit., p. 315. 



"2 "Status of United States-Japan Cooperative Science program ... as of March 31, 1970," op. cit., p. 7. 



'83 A General Review of International Cooperation in Science and Space, op. cit., pp. 102-105. 



