947 



technical development [to provide for] advanced training of professors and other 

 teaching personnel, particularly in the scientific disciplines [and] documents, 

 equipment, and materials for research laboratories and libraries. . . ; ^3' 



[A special program on scientific and technical cooperation involving]: A. 

 activities of major interest and yield; B. preparation of plans for collaboration 

 between research centers of the two countries ; C. [programs for sending to Spain] 

 American professors and researchers of established reputation to cooperate in 

 the advanced training of scientific and technological researchers; and D. appro- 

 priate administrative channels to administer programs.^^^ 



Four areas of scientific and technical cooperation are emphasized: 

 civilian uses of atomic energy, space exploration, marine sciences, and 

 medical and biological sciences. Separate chapters provide for coop- 

 eration also in environmental and urban development and assistance 

 in the development of Spanish agricultural programs.^^ 



This agreement became effective September 26, 1970, and will re- 

 main in force for five years, when it will be subject to renewal.^* 



Agreements and activities subsequent to signing indicate that 

 cooperation in science and technology, initially, will be modest. The 

 agreement did not define the terms of financial support for civilian 

 activities authorized by the program. However, it did specify that 

 funding for nonmihtary program elements, which include areas other 

 than science and technology, will be subject to annual Congressional 

 approval. The United States committed a maximum of $3 million to 

 support all civilian program elements in fiscal year 1971.^^^ 



Activities to implement the technical assistance provisions of the 

 agreement began in the summer of 1970 when "U.S. and Spanish 

 officials , . . visited institutions to explore the most effective possibili- 

 ties for mutual research and scientific exchange." ^® On August 20, 

 1970 discussions on implementation of the science and technology 

 aspects of the agreement were held by the Bureau of International 

 Scientific and Technological Affairs, Department of State (the agency 

 originally in charge of writing the terms of agreement on science and 

 technologA^, and the NSF Office of National and International Pro- 

 grams.^^ Assistant Secretary of State John Richardson Jr. was named 

 coordinator for use of the $3 million supplied to the Department of 

 State for nonmilitary cooperation. 



NSF was asked to serve as executive agency for science and tech- 

 nology,^* and to assist the Department of State in developing pro- 

 gram guidelines. FY 1971 activities were limited to program develop- 

 ment and no funds were obligated. ^^ In reporting to the Congress 

 early in 1972 on this agreement, the Foundation said onh^ that "... 

 funds for the continuation of the program will be transferred to the 

 Foundation in fiscal year 1973." ^^^ 



Scientijic Cooperation With Brazil and Other Latin American 

 Countries. — The United States and Brazil concluded an Agreement 

 on Scientific Cooperation on December 1, 1971. The aim of the 



program, according t& th& State Department, would be to "intensify 



> 



ai Article 6. 



232 Chapter lU, Scientific and Technical Cooperation, Articles 9, 10; 11, and 12. 

 223 Chapter TV, articles 14, 15, 16 and Chapter V, articles 17, 18, 19, and 20. 

 »< Article 28. 



235 Letter from Secretary of State William P. Rogers to Gregorio Lopez Bravo, Minister of Foreign Affairs 

 ■of Spain, August 6, 1970. 



236 "United States-Spanish Science Cooperation," International Science Notes (September 1970), p. 6. 



23' "Bilateral Science Programs, U.S.-Spain," material prepared by Office of International Programs, 

 NSF, January 15. 1971. 



238 Letter from U. Alexis Johnson, Acting Secretary, Department of State to William D, McElroy, Director 

 NSF, November 27, 1970. 



239 NSF, Annual Report, FY 1971, op. cit., p. 55. 



240 NSF, Justification of Estimates of Appropriations, FY 187S, op. cit., p. H-2. 



