984 



funded exchanges between the United ^States and the U.S.S.R. even 

 today, unlike exchanges with countries of the non-Communist world, 

 are conducted under formal, rigidly enforced, official cultural relations 

 treaties and quid pro quo exchange agreements. The first of these was 

 signed in 1959 as an inter-Academy agreement and since then has 

 been renewed every two years and annexed to the biennially renewed 

 Cultural Relations Treaty between the two Nations. (The \ 972-1 973 

 Soviet-American accords noted that inter-Academy science and tech- 

 nology agreements were to continue and be renewed in cultural rela- 

 tions treaties.) The 1959 agreement included provisions for the mutual 

 exchange of a small, select number of American and Soviet scientists 

 J. 28-625 Sp. 7 F. 112-120 46-10 nite n 26150 Echino April 8, 1974 

 to study and do research, but not to lecture. "The commencement of 

 the program," according to Dr. Harrison Brown, Foreign Secretary, 

 National Academy of Sciences, "marked the first real opening in 

 United States-Soviet scientific relations since before World War 

 II. . . ." ^*' Brown continues: ". . . The formal exchange program 

 serves as an adaptive mechanism to benefit the scientists of two 

 countries, enabling two basically incompatible systems to mesh at 

 one small interface." ^*^ 



Educational exchange agreements, also part of the Cultural Re- 

 lations Treaties, place American students and senior level scholars in 

 universities under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and in 

 research institutes other than those under the jurisdiction of the Soviet 

 Academy of Sciences. Soviet students and scholars are placed in 

 American universities and in selected academic research centers. The 

 International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX), New York, 

 administers these programs \nth. funds provided by the Government 

 and private agencies. The majority of exchanges of American social and 

 behavioral scientists with the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe are au- 

 thorized by an agreement negotiated in 1966-67 providing for ex- 

 changes administered in this country by IREX on behalf of the 

 American Council of Learned Societies and the Academy of Sciences 

 of the Soviet Union.^*^ 



Until 1972, American and Soviet scientific and technical exchanges 

 in atomic energy and public health were managed under separate pro- 

 visions of the cultural and educational exchange treaties. The Atomic 

 Energy Commission and the Public Health Service handled funding, 



3" A Ceneral Review of International Cooperation in Science and Space: Hearings, op. cit., p. 151. 



3« Ibid.. D. 170. 



5<3 IREX was established in 1968 by the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science 

 Be.<;earch Council. Generally, IREX coordinates academic exchange activities for its 63 member universities 

 with the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. Activities are funded by the Ford Foundation, the 

 Bureau of International Education and Cultural Affairs, the Department of State, and participating uni- 

 versities. Exchange activities include those authorized under agreement between the American Council 

 of Learned Societies and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. with the Ministry of Higher and Special- 

 ized Secondary Education, U.S.S.R., for language study and research in psychology. IREX also administers 

 similar programs with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia; in addition 

 to its own programs, which include research grants in social sciences or humanities for Research on Eastern 

 European and Baltic countries, travel grants, and grants for summer language study. Details are available 

 In: IREX, Exchange Programs u'ith Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union: 1971-197S (New York: IREX, 

 1970), and NAS, Information for Prospective Applicants for Participation in the Exchange Programs between 

 the A14S, USA and the Academies of Sciences of the USSR, Bulgaria. Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania and 

 the Council of the Academies of Yugoslavia in Academic Year 1971-197$ (September 1970), 4 pp. 



