992 



b. Exchanges of a maximum of 14 scientists from each country, 

 for one month visits for the famiharization with research; 



c. Exchanges of a maximum of 35 scientists, with total visits 

 not to exceed 190 -man-months, to conduct scientific research or 

 to pursue advanced study; visits to last from 3-10 months; 



2. Nomination and selection. — Nominees to be approved by both 

 Academies. Scientists are evaluated on education, professional 

 employment, scientific specialization, publications, location of 

 proposed visit, knowledge of foreign language, and title of lectures; 



3. Additional exchanges. — Which permit revisions of the agreed 

 upon terms as well as provision for visits for scientific conferences ; 



4. Program review. — Both Academies are to exchange small 

 delegations each year to review the inter-Academy exchange 

 program "at the policy level;" 



5. Financing and administrative arrangements. — The sending 

 Academy is to provide round-trip transportation and salaries for 

 its scientists ; the receiving Academy to provide in-country trans- 

 portation costs, living quarters, medical expenses, special allow- 

 ances, and reimbursement for research equipment expenses.^^^ 



EASTERN EUROPEAN PROGRAMS 



In general, inter-Academy scientific exchange programs with the 

 Eastern European countries are carried out not under formal inter- 

 governmental agreements but under ''Memoranda of understanding 

 between the national academies of both countries who are parties to 

 the bilateral agreement." ^^^ "These arrangements," according to the 

 NAS, "are meant to augment existing scientific exchanges and con- 

 stitute part of the continuing effort of the NAS to expand and develop 

 contracts between American and foreign scientists." ^" 



One exception to the lack of intergovernmental inter-Academy 

 agreements is the case of Romania, under which exchanges are im- 

 plemented under a periodic exchange of diplomatic notes between the 

 two governments. The origin and evolution of agreements with the 

 Eastern European countries, similar to those with the U.S.S.R., 

 underscore the important role played by the National Academy of 

 Sciences in fashioning nonpolitical links between scientists of politically 

 divergent cultures. 



Genesis of Agreements: Poland and Yugoslavia. — The genesis of formal 

 scientific exchange agreements between the United States and the 

 countries of Eastern Europe dates back to 1962. In September of that 

 year, Harrison Brown, foreign Secretary of the NAS, toured the 

 Academies of Sciences in the countries of Eastern Europe to discuss 

 "the desirability of making it easier for American scientists and their 

 scientists to exchange professional visits." ^^* Upon his return, the For- 

 eign Secretary reported to the NAS Advisory Committee on the 

 U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe on the favorable reception he had 



"1 Idem. 



"2 These inter-Academy Eastern European exchange activities are separate and distinct from the programs 

 the National Science Foundation directly administers with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugo- 

 slavia. See note 360 above. 



^^ National Academy of Sciences, "Information for Prospective Applicants for Participation in the 

 Exchange Programs between the National Academy of Sciences of the USA and the Academies of Science 

 of the USSR, Bulgaria, Crechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and the Council of the Academies of Yugo- 

 slavia in Academic Year 1971-1972." (Washington: National Academy of Sciences 1970), p. 1. 



"< Letter from Frederick Seitz, President, and Harrison Brown, Foreign Secretary, National Academy of 

 Sciences, to Leland J. Haworth, Director, National Science Foundation, December 19, 1963, requesting 

 financial support from the NSF for exchanges between the National Academy of Sciences and the Academies 

 of Poland and Yugoslavia. 



