995 



of governmental notes concerning cultural exchange.^^^ After explora- 

 tory visits between Academy delegations and discussions between the 

 President's Science Adviser and the Romanian Council for Scientific 

 Research, the program of scientific exchanges was broadened under a 

 new agreement signed in 1968. In addition to expanding cooperative 

 activities, the new agreement shifted principal U.S. administrative 

 responsibility from the Office of the Foreign Secretary, NAS, to the 

 Office of International Programs, NSF.^^^ The agreement was renewed 

 in 1970.^^° The 1970 agreement, concluded after the visits of President 

 Nixon and his science adviser, expanded scientific and technological 

 exchanges and cleared the way for joint research. As before, the new 

 agreement augments other areas of cooperation authorized under the 

 continuing memoranda of understanding between the two countries; 

 and like the previous program, this one is based on the principles of 

 reciprocal financing and joint selection of research projects and 

 exchanges. 



Funding and Size oj the Programs 



Funds for U.S. inter-Academy exchanges with the Soviet Union and 

 Eastern Europe are granted by the Office of International Programs, 

 NSF. Congressional review of the Soviet and Eastern European ex- 

 changes program has been handicapped by a lack of readily available 

 and consistent data. Until 1968, when the Foundation was given an 

 explicit mandate for international scientific and technical activities, 

 the Foundation used different categories to report awards and fre- 

 quently reported the data under more than one category .^^* (See 

 Table 27.) 



5S' NAS-NRC. Office of the Foreign Secretary, "Proposal for Amending Task Order No. 74, to Broaden 

 Exchangf^s of Scientists Beyond a Present Program for the Period May 1, 1965 to August 31, 1966," contract 

 NSF C-310, task order. April 14, 19a5, p. 2. 



3*' From: U.S., National Science Foundation, "Bilateral Science Exchange Programs, Fact-sheet: U.S. 

 Romania." Terms of the science agreement were included as part of the Cultural Relations Agreement, 

 signed November 28, 1968. 



3M Exchange of notes, 1970, at Bucharest, signed by Leonard C. Meeker, U.S. Ambassador for the United 

 Stales, and V'asile Gliga, Deputy Minister for Foreign Aflairs, Romania. 



'" Data on NSF funding of these activities are found in two sources: Annual Reports and Grants and 

 Awards honk.<;. Until the mid-1960's NSF published one report on its activities incorporating a list of grants 

 awarded. After that the Foundation began to publish two separate reports: Annual Reports and Grants and 

 Awards li.siing.s. The description of Soviet and Eastern European exchange activities in the Annual Report 

 is very supcrlicial, occasionally giving numbers of exchanges and a descriptive illustration of selected ac- 

 tivities without reports on funding. Financial data are presented in the lists of grants awarded. But owing, 

 probably, to Ihe Foundation's ambivalent handling of international science activities until 106S, the Founda- 

 tion did not maintain a consistent format for reporting awards to the Academy for these prograins. For in 

 stance, in the FY 1962 and FY 1963 reports, separate entries were given for International Scieiice Activities. 

 Soviet and Eastern European grants were listed under this category under the recipient subcategory the 

 NAS-NRC. In FY 1964 the pattern changed somewhat. The International Scientific Activities cat rpor\ was 

 replaced with one entitled International Scientific Information Exchange. Grants awarded were listed by 

 state; thus, information on the U.S.-U.S.S.R./E.E. programs .appeared under the category Diftrict of 

 Columbia, followed by recipient, the Academy listed as recipient. In FY 196.5 the pattern was changed again. 

 Although the InteinaJional Scientilic Information Exchange category was retained the NSF began to 

 include the category of Eastern European Exchanges uii<ler it. The Foundation used the same format in thb 

 FY 1966 report, but in 1967 changed the broad category from International Scientilic Information Exchange 

 to Science Information Servi!>o, with the subcategory Eastern European Programs. The FY ISoh and 1969 

 forms reverted back to tlie FY 1965 a]id FY 1966 patterns utilizing the broad category International .'Scien- 

 tific Information Exchanges followed by the subcategory Eastern European Exchanges. In 1970 the NSF 

 instituted a new format, reporting awards under the general heading International Cooperative Scieniific 

 Activities and the subcategory Eastern European Programs. In fiscal year 1971 the Foundation changed the 

 reporting format again and now reports grants and awards data in a form compatible with budget presenta- 

 tion categories. The category "National, International, Specialized Research, and Sea Grants Programs" 

 contains the subcategory "international Cooperative Science Scientific Activities," further differentiated 

 into "Cooperative Science Progratns." The funding to NAS for the U.S.S.R./E.E. programs may be found 

 Under the h.^iding District of Columbia. The subheading Eastern European Programs was dispensed with. 

 (S(cNSF, .!'(«;/ ///e^, ;or/, y^'i'/'y?/, op. cit. 0.12*;.) 



Type.; (•! grams awarded have ;.!-o varied considerably over the j-rosram's history. In ropov'::i^ funds 

 awarded during tlie period 1960-I'«i9, thi NSF announced two separate grams to the Academy, one for 

 Soviet exchanges and one for Eastern European exchanges (which began in 1966). How- 

 ever, In 1969, while two grants were announced, Soviet programs were funded separately 

 as well as under funding given for the E. B. exchanges. The pattern was changed during 

 the fiscal year 1970 when one grant was announced for both programs. 



