1018 



Individual visits of this nature, according: to a number of Govern- 

 ment officials/^^ were permitted by the Chinese under what has since 

 come to be called their emphasis on allowing exchange arrangements 

 ■on a "people-to-people" rather than Government-to-Government 

 basis. 



While individual American visits of this nature continued, efforts to 

 systematize exchanges moved ahead slowly. 



After continued diplomatic negotiations between the United States 

 and China in Paris, Dr. Henry Kissinger, then the President's foreign 

 policy assistant, visited China in February 1973 to work out further 

 details of arrangements the President initially made in 1972. Following 

 his visit to Peking, Dr. Kissinger announced that among American 

 groups invited to China would be "... a medical group during the 

 spring [of 1973 and] a scientific group during the summer. . . ." 

 The People's Republic of China agreed also to send to the United 

 States ". . . the archeological exhibit from the Forbidden City . . . , 

 a gi'oup of water-conservation experts, insect-hormone specialists, 

 [and! high-energy physicists. . . ." *^° 



U.S. response to the Chinese emphasis on "people-to-people" 

 exchange led presumably to informal delegation of responsibility for 

 formalizing these arrangements to the NAS-affiliated CSCPRC, 

 similar to precedents established in the cases of early Soviet and East- 

 ern European exchanges.*^^ During May 1973, a prestigious 9-member 

 delegation of the CSCPRC visited China.^^^ 



At the conclusion of the visit, the group announced that it had 

 reached agreement with the Chinese Scientific and Technical Asso- 

 ciation for exchanges during 1973 and 1974 of seven Chinese and 

 nine U.S. groups. American scientists were to be exchanged in the 

 areas of plant studies, earthquake prediction, pharmacology, schisto- 

 somiasis, acupuncture, archaeology, early man, early childhood 

 development, and linguistics. The Chinese groups coming to the 

 United States would cover the following areas : English language teach- 

 ing (September 1973) ; computer sciences (August 1973) ; medicine 

 (October 1973) ; library sciences (September 1973) ; and seismology, 

 laser research, and photosynthesis (late 1973 or early 1974).*^^ 



The agreement concluded between the CSCPRC and the Chinese 

 Scientific and Technical Association was very general and specified 

 neither size, duration, nor location of the visit. Moreover, according 

 to the Committee, it did not detail activities to be pursued under 

 each category. According to another Government official, there was 

 a general understanding that between 6 and 12 people would be 

 exchanged in each group for visits lasting between 1 and 2 months.*** 



<" Interviews, Dr. Max Hnllmann, NSF, July 1973, and Mr. William Cunningham, Bureau of Educational 

 and Cultural Affairs, Department of State, July 1973. 



480 "Presidential Assistant Kissinger Visits Asia: Transcript of News Conference," Departincnt of State 

 Bulletin LXViri, No. 1760 (Marcli 19, 1973), p. 315. 



<8i The Depa-tment of State is continuing to handle official diplomatic activities in support of exchanges. 



<8-' The nine-member CSCPRC delegation was headed by Dr. Emil L. Smith, committee chaimian and 

 chairman of the department of biological chemistry. University of Cahfornia, Los Angeles, medical school, 

 other members included Dr. Frederick Burkhardt, president of the American Council of Learned Societies; 

 Dr. Eleanor Sheldon, president of the Social Science Research Council; Dr. Harrison Brown, foreign sec- 

 retary of the National Academy of Sciences; Dr. Victor F. Weisskopf of Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 

 nology; and Anne Keatley, executive secretary of CSCPRC. Traveling with the delegation were several 

 noted U.S. scientists, including Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, former head of the Atomic Energy Commission, and 

 Dr. Robert G. Sachs, director of Argonne National Laboratory. ("U.S. -China Scientific Exchanges to 

 Widen," op. cit.) 



«3 "U.S.-China Scientific Exchanges to Widen," op. cit., and Interview, CSCPRC, July 1973. 



«i Interview, Dr. Max Hellmann, NSF, July 1973. 



