1027 



of specialized agencies such as NASA or DoD. This dependence is alleged to 

 limit its field of choice and compromise its authority over other agencies. Since 

 1957, the White House Executive Office has been responsible for the main political 

 initiatives taken in questions of international relations of science and technology 

 (foreign aid, disarmarnent, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, international 

 co-operation). *88 



The Department of State recently moved to broaden the basis of 

 formulating of policies for foreign and international science and tech- 

 nology. The Department established a group of scientific advisers to 

 the Department in 1968 when Dr. Gordon J. F. MacDonald was 

 Adviser-at-Large to the Bureau of International Scientific and Tech- 

 nological Affairs and Dr. Thomas F. Malone had responsibility for 

 providing ad\4co on ^^'eather modification.*^^ This activity was dor- 

 mant until 1972 when the Secretary of State announced establishment 

 of an Ad\'isory Committee on Science and Foreign Affairs. Members 

 were not named however, until April 1973; the delay was attributed, 

 during an election A^ear, to "several prospective members [who] said 

 they feared acceptance might be interpreted as an indication of sup- 

 port for the Nixon candidacy." ^"^ The group is composed of journal- 

 ists, scientists, and industrial researchers.^"^ 



THE FEDERAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 



The Federal Council for Science and Technology, composed of 

 representatives of all Government agencies, was established in 1959 

 ". . . to promote closer cooperation among Federal agencies, to 

 facilitate resolution of common problems, ... to improve planning 

 and management in science and technology, and to advise and assist 

 the President regarding Federal programs affecting more than one 

 agenc3^" ^°^ 



The International Committee of the FCST (IC, FCST) was es- 

 tablished also in 1959 to recommend "measures to promote and 

 enhance U.S. participation in and support for international scientific 

 activities compatible with our foreign policy." From its inception the 

 Committee made several attempts to support interagency coordination 

 of executive branch activities for the exchange of American scientific 

 and technical personnel; most of these have been unsuccessful. 



In 1973, President Nixon, under Reorganization Plan No. 1, 

 disbanded the Committee's parent organization, the Office of Science 

 and Technology (OST) , and transferred many OST functions to the 

 National Science Foundation, while at the same time designating the 

 Director of the Foundation the President's Science Adviser. It has 

 been reported that the Director of the Foundation reviewed FCST 

 activities to determine which should be retained.^'^ The International 



"s Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Reviews of National Science Policy; United 

 States (Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1968), p. 80, Citing Eugene B. 

 Skolniknff, Science, Technology, and American Foreign Policy (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1967). 



*^ "Appointment of Science Advisers to the Department of State," Department of State Press Release gOO 

 (September 6, 1968). 



5«o "State Department Sets Up Science Panel," Science and Government Report (April 15, 1973), p. 6. 



501 They are: The chairman will be Herman Pollack, the State Department's Director of International 

 Scientific and Technical Affairs. The other members are: 



Dean Rusk, foi-mer Secretary of State; Simon Ramo, vice chairman of TRW; John Hightower, former 

 Associated Press State Department correspondent and now professor of journalism. University of New 

 Mexico; Gordon J. F. MacDonald, professor of environmental studies, Dartmouth College, and chairman 

 of the National Academy of Sciences Environmental Studies Board; Kenneth Davis, Bechtel Corp.; John 

 Leddy, former Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs; Eugene Skolnikoff, professor of political 

 science, and head of MIT's Center for International Studies; and Lewis Branscomb, vice president, IBM. 



^2 U.S. Government Organization Manual, 1970-1971 (1971), p. 543. ^ 



W3 "Transfer of OST Functions to Director of NSF," NSF Press Release (January 26, 1973), 3 pp. (NSF 

 73-104). For additional details see: Chap. II. of this study. 



