1029 



of past NSF recommendations or positions of a government-wide 

 character.^''^ One section of that report concerned international 

 scientific activities and exchanges: 

 International Scientific Activities: 



1. East-West Exchanges of Scientific Information. 



2. Establishment of Machinery for Scientific Representation 

 and Liaison at U.S. Embassies Abroad. 



3. Exchanges of Scientists. 



4. Expansion of Existing "College Contract" Programs of 

 ICA. 



5. Increased U.S. Participation in the Financial Contributions 

 to International Scientific Organizations. 



6. Increased U.S. Support of Research Overseas. 



7. Admission of Alien Scientists and Science Students. 



8. Foreign Science Fellowships. 



9. Export of Unclassified Scientific Information. 



10. U.S. Participation in the International Geophysical Year. 

 It is difficult to determine whether these efforts at coordination had 



an}' impact on NSF or other agency programs for sending Americans 

 abroad. The 1966 report, The National Science Foundation: A General 

 Review of its First Fifteen Years, said : "No further summary of national 

 science policies has been prepared by either NSF or OST." ^°^ 



In 1961 the IC, FCST at the request of the President's science ad- 

 viser, George Kistiakowksky, "undertook to review the international 

 scientific activities of [Federall agencies." TJie resulting report, In- 

 ternational Scientific and Technological Activities,^^^ included a sec- 

 tion on "The Exchange of Scientists and Engineers" which, stressing 

 the importance and the need for dispersed authority for these pro- 

 grams, recommended that neverless they meet five criteria. Central to 

 the committee's oversight of these activities was a call for NSF and 

 the State Department to provide better information on exchange 

 activities : 



Coordination of exchange activities: While central direction of the exchange 

 program is undesirable, coordination is essential. The National Science Founda- 

 tion should assist the State Department by collecting, analyzing, and dissemi- 

 nating data on exchange for the purpose of improving the effectiveness of the 

 programs."^" 



»' "Science Policies of a Government-Wide or National Character Which Have Been Recommended by 

 the National Science Foundation," NSF unnumbered report of April 1959. 



«»s Op. cit., pp. 211-13. 



609 A report to FCST by Tts International Committee, June 20, 1961, 2.5 p. The report covered support of 

 international research and development by Federal agencies, reasons for U.S. involvement in international 

 science, and guidelines for policy and action. Its recommendations included further steps toward: (1) better 

 information on U.S. science activities overseas, (2) evaluation of U.S. foreign science programs, (3) evaluation 

 of scientific and technological aspects of foreign activities of U.S. agencies, (4) establishing U.S. scientific 

 missions, (5) science and technology in technical assistance, (6) the international role of the National Science 

 Foundation, (7) providing a non-Federal advisory input to the Federal Council, and (8) greater responsi- 

 bilities for the State Department's Science Adviser. 



"0 The other points were: 



In order to improve the process of exchange of scientists and engineers the following guideli nes are proposed : 



General.— Exchanges where the primary purpose is furtherance of .scientific communication and personal 

 understanding should be vigorously cultivated as a significant factor in furthering the concept of an "Open 

 World." Interference for short-term political reasons should be minimized. 



Exchanges for technical assistance purposes.— U.S. contributions of educational and scientific assistance 

 to the lesser developed nations must be greatly increased. Exchanges of scientists and engineers should be 

 guided by policies which involve the political and economic considerations pertinent to the area. 



Need for competence and adequate duration of stay.— A primary consideration in the selection of indi- 

 viduals who will be encouraged to participate in exchange programs is to secure persons vrith the highest 

 levels of competence for the tasks involved. Programing should provide for exchange of adequate duration 

 to maximize the likelihood of significant and lasting results. 



Action by Federal agencies.— Federal departments and agencies should stimulate increased participation 

 of U.S . scientists in international exchange programs related to their technical areas of interest for the pur- 

 pose of providing U.S. scientists with a firsthand acquaintance, knowledge, and understanding of foreign 

 problems and peoples. 



Report reprinted in : Federal Foreign Research Spending and the Dollar Drain: Hearings, 

 op. cit, pp. 180-181. 



