CONTENTS 



Page 



I. Introduction 1047 



An Evolving International Issue 1047 



General Characteristics of Brain Drain Issue 1048 



Inherent DiflBculties and Limitations : Magnitude and Complex- 

 ity of the Problem 1049 



Deficiency of Statistical Data 1050 



Problems of Interpretation 1050 



Need for Research 1051 



Scope and Design of the Study 1052 



Emphasis on Less Developed Countries 1053 



Certain Assumptions 1054 



Brain Drain : Reality of Problem 1054 



Positive Value of Science, Technology, and Education in 



Modern Civilization 1055 



Inevitability of Change as Positive Value 1056 



Definition of Brain Drain 1057 



Internationalist and Nationalist Theory of Brain Drain — 1057 



Variations on Definition 1058 



Some Characteristics of Brain Drain Definitions 1059 



An Approach to the Brain Drain Problem 1062 



II. Brain Drain in Historical Perspective 1064 



Migration in History 1064 



Talent Migration in Ancient Times 1064 



Among the Ancient Greeks 1065 



Greek Physicians, a Special Case 1065 



Alexandria of the Ptolemies 1066 



Talent Migration in the Middle East and Medieval Europe 1067 



In Medieval Europe 1068 



Factors Producing Mobility in the Modern Age 1070 



Age of Discovery 1070 



Revolution in Science and Technology 1070 



Industrial Revolution 1071 



Immigration Into the United States 1071 



Hamilton and the American Immigration Tradition 1072 



Trends in 19th and Earlv 20th Century American Immigra- 

 tion : 1073 



Reverse Talent Migration 1074 



Lessons of History ^^J.^ 



Human Mobility and the Principle of Freedom. 1075 



State Policies on Migration of Scholars 1076 



III. Brain Drain as a Contemporary International Problem- 1077 



Trends in Migration Since World War II : A Changing World 



Environment 1077 



Forced Migrations 1077 



Tendency Toward a New Internationalism and Its Effects-- 1078 



Process of Decolonization 1079 



Effects of Decolonization and Brain Drain 1079 



Reordering of Priorities in Immigration : Quality Over 



Quantity 1080 



Effects of Reordering Immigration Priorities 1081 



Brain Drain Flows to Western Europe 1083 



Movement to Britain 108^ 



Movement to France 1084 



Movement to West Germany 1086 



(1039) 



