1041 



IV. Causes of Brain Drain: Interaction of "Push/Pull" Forces — Con. 



Cultural and Intellectual "Pull" Forces in Brain Drain — Con. Page 



The Allure of a Scientific-Technological Civilization 1166 



Social "Pull" Factors : Appeal of American Social Democracy— 1166 



Attraction of Urban Centers 1168 



"Pull" of Social Forces 1169 



"Pull" Factors in the Political Sphere : Search for Political Sta- 

 bility and Freedom of Inquiry 1169 



Official Government Encouragement 1170 



Attraction of Reason 1171 



Decision To Emigrate: A Combination of "Push/Pull" Factors 



With "Push" the Dominant Force 1171 



V. Effects of Brain Drain: A Range of Possibilities 1173 



Difficulties in Assessing Effects 1173 



Internationalist and Nationalist Models 1174 



Criterion: Needs or Demands? 1176 



Effects of Brain Drain Within the LCDs : Gains and Benefits 



From an Educated Elite 1178 



Advancement of Knowledge 1180 



Question of Impairing Economic Development 1181 



Emigration as an Economic and Political Asset 1181 



Improved Possibilities for Social Change and Progress 1182 



A Summing Up of Gains for LDCs 1183 



Losses and Costs for LDCs 1183 



Loss of General Professional Manpower 1183 



Leadership Qualities of Emigrant Professionals 1187 



Loss of Si>ecific Professional Manpower 1188 



.Effects of Loss of Vital Talent 1188 



Social Costs of Medical Brain Drain 1190 



Loss of Students Through Nonreturn 1195 



Loss of National Prestige 1196 



Loss of Professional Manpower Investment 1197 



Estimated Costs of Emigrant Scientists and Engineers. 1198 



Estimated Costs of Emigrant Physicians 1203 



Qualifying Aspects and Perceptions of LDCs Invest- 

 ment Loss 1205 



Loss Through "Mismatch" in Education and Training 1207 



Genetic Loss 1208 



Widening Gap Between LDCs and Advanced Countries 1210 



Effects of Brain Drain Within the United States 1213 



Benefits From Increased Manpower Supply of Scientists and 



Engineers 1213 



Easing Doctor Shortage Through FMGs 1219 



Doctor Shortage, a Realitv 1219 



U.S. Dependency on FMGs 1221 



Savings to United States From FMGs 1222 



Savings in Medical School Construction 1224 



Unfavorable Aspects of FMG Inflow : Threat to American 



Medical Standards 1226 



Insufficiencies Among FMGs 1227 



ECFMG Examination : FMG Criteria of Competence— 1228 



FMG Competence : Performance on Examinations 1229 



FMG Competence: Performance as Interns and Resi- 

 dents 1232 



FMG Competence : Some Critical Evaluations bv Ameri- 

 can M.D.'s 1 1233 



A Summing Up of Views on FMG Competence 1239 



Terminating Career Expectations of American Premedical 



Students 1239 



Admi-ssions Crisis in American Medical Schools 1240 



American Medical Students Study Abroad 1241 



Congressional and Administration Views on FMGs 



Versus USMGs 1242 



Interconnection of Science, Technology. Brain Drain, and 



National Policy 1246 



