1071 



tist : "And when statesmen or others worry him too much, then he 

 should leave with his possessions. . . . With a firm and steadfast 

 mind one should hold under all conditions that everywhere the earth 

 is below and the sky above, and to the energetic man, every region is 

 his fatherland." "'' As it will be seen in the course of this study, this 

 cast of mind values the primacy of science and in its unique way has 

 facilitated the mobility of scientists in the Modem Age. 



Human mobility has been quickened by the practical achievements 

 of modern technology. Science and technology have revolutionized 

 communications and transportation. In the 19th century, Europeans 

 immigrating to America could cross the Atlantic by ship in 1 to 2 

 weeks and at what was to them great expense. Time and costs of travel 

 have now been reduced drastically. Once a privilege reserved for the 

 wealthy, intercontinental travel in the Jet Age is within reach of most 

 levels of society — European tours by high school seniors are now a 

 commonplace; and what had once taken 1 to 2 weeks can be accom- 

 plished in a matter of hours. Distance and cost are thus no barriers to 

 the Filipino doctor or Latin American engineer who may want to try 

 his luck in America. 



INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 



The Industrial Revolution was more than a technological revolu- 

 tion ; it was also a social revolution that contributed considerably to 

 human mobility in the modern era. The Industrial Revolution pro- 

 duced, perhaps, the greatest "pull" factor of all for immigration by 

 creating a labor market. It is axiomatic that agrarian societies tend to 

 be static ; industrial societies, dynamic. The catalyst for social change 

 in the latter comes largely from the need for labor and the desire of 

 restless masses of people to satisfy this need. Movement from farm to 

 city, from south to north, has become a traditional pattern of human 

 migration. Attracted by the "pull" of developing industry, millions of 

 Europeans came to America in the 19th century. Similarly attracted 

 by the "pull" of American aerospace industries, thousands of latter- 

 tlay Europeans, scientists and technicians, made the same journey in 

 the 1960's. 



Imimgration Into the United States 



Historically, Colonial America, later the United States, combined 

 the three developments of the Modern Age that accelerated human 

 mobility : It was a most valued colonial possession in the Age of Dis- 

 covery ; it succeeded in establishing a civilization based essentially on 

 science and technology during the "Age of Reason;" and it now 

 epitomizes the Industrial Revolution at its most advanced stage. 

 Human mobility is, therefore, at the roots of the American experience, 

 and perhaps nowhere has its value been more persuasively expressed 

 than by Alexander Hamilton, the ardent advocate of an industrial 

 and mercantile America. 



Adam Smith once observed that human baggage is the most im- 

 mobile of all. Something must act upon that "baggage" to make it 

 move. It has been held by many observers that migration is catalyzed 

 by two forces moving in one direction, namely, an extraordinary 

 "pull" from abroad or "push" from at home. The cause of mobility 



'^* Quoted in, Margulles and Bloch, op. clt, p. 59. 



