1076 



STATE POLICIES ON MIGRATION OF SCHOLARS 



Finally, history reveals that states have adopted policies in the past 

 either to stimulate or prevent the migration of scholars. The social 

 value that states placed on science is the index for determining the 

 intensity with which such policies were applied.^" 



Science policy is not, therefore, a 20th century development. Nor is 

 the relationship among science, diplomacy, and political power some- 

 thing new. During Islam's Golden Age the Caliphs clearly perceived 

 this relationship when they established their empire, as most assuredly 

 did Hamilton when he sketched out a design for American industrial 

 strength as a vital component of its power and security.^^ 



eoDedijer, op. cit., p. 28. 



^ Hamilton wrote : "Not only the wealth, but the Independence and security of a Country, 

 appear to be materially connected with the prosperity of manufactures. Every nation, with 

 a view to those great objects, ought to endeavour to possess within Itself all the essentials 

 of national supply. These comprise the means of Subsistence, habitation, clothing, and 

 defence." And he added : "The possession of these is necessary to the perfection of the body 

 politic ; to the safety as well as to the welfare of the society ; the want of either Is the want 

 of an Important Organ of political life and Motion ; and in the various crises which await 

 a state it must severely feel the effects of any such deficiency. The extreme embarrassments 

 of the United States during the late War, from an incapacity of supplying themselves, are 

 still matter of keen recollection : A future war might be expected again to exemplify the 

 mischiefs and dangers of a situation to which that incapacity is still in too great a degree 

 applicable, unless changed by timely and vigorous exertion. To effect this change, as fast as 

 shall be prudent, merits all the attention and all the Zeal of our Public Councils ; 'tis the 

 next great work to be accomplished." (Cooke, Hamilton's Report on Manufactures, pp. 161- 

 162.) Among the expedients he proposed to effect this grand design were the attracting of 

 skilled labor and capital from Europe. 



