1090 



Burma. 67.9 percent; Indonesia, 68.4 percent; Iran, 63.3 percent; 

 Iraq, 40.7 percent; JNIalaysia, 70.8 percent; Phi]ip])ines, 87.2 percent; 

 Colombia. 44.1 percent ; Peru, 41.9 percent : and Kenya, 57.1 percent. 

 For the period 1962-66, India is listed with 60.7 percent and Egypt 

 Avith 29 percent.^^* 



Canada's losses to united states axd gains from the ldc's 



Like the TTnited Kii'io-dom, Canada has a heavy two-way traffic of 

 migrants, and what it loses in one quarter, it srains in another. In the 

 decade 1950-60, Canada lost 42,000 PTKs to' the United States, but 

 at the same time it p-ained double this number from other countries, 

 mostly ftom the LDCs.^^^ 



Thus the pattern of immi<Tration into Canada is one of flow and 

 counterflow with the tTnited States beins; an integral part of the proc- 

 ess. Between 1950 and 1963 Canada had an averaa'e annual inflow of 

 7,790 PTKs ; 1,230 Avere from the United States. The annual outflow 

 Avas 5,476, AA^th 4,681 immigrating to the United States. To maintain 

 an average net gain of 2.314 PTKs a year, Canada had to import 

 7.790 a year. Many professionals from Europe immigrating into Can- 

 ada are ^-eally en i-oute to the United States. In 1962 and 1933, the 

 XTnited States received 2,316 scientists and engineers Avho recorded 

 Canada as their country of last permanent residence of Avhom the 

 Canadian-born numbered rtnly 1,159. One out of every two scientists 

 and engineers to inmiigi'ate to the United States from Canada Avas 

 tlierefore. a non-Canadian Avith temporary residence in Canada.^^^ 

 Canada is also a convenient "parking" place for professional migrants 

 Avhose ultimate destination is the United States but Avho must fulfill 

 certain nonresidence requirements under U.S. immigration laws be- 

 fore filing for American citizenship. 



As it Avill be seen later in this chapter, the United States is really 

 the preferred destination of professional migrants, and Canada bene- 

 fits from its close proximity. So powerful is the American influence, 

 Avrote Brinley Thomas, that "the whole of North America is in fact 

 one large market in human capital, and Canada, as a separate sover- 

 eign state, has to Avork ti-ebly hard in the immigration business in 

 order to keep her end up." That Canada has done Avell in this effort 

 is illustrated in the few statistics noted above and also by the fact that 

 the proportion of profession'al migrants in the total inflow for the 

 year 1965 Avas almost exactly the same for both the United States and 

 Canada, namely, about 22 percent.^^^ 



ATTRACTION OF STUDENTS TO CANADA 



As an "intermediate advanced country," "^ Canada strongly attracts 

 foreign students. In this regard Canada has had experience similar 

 to that of Australia, Avhere in 1966, 20 percent of the 12,000 Asian 



1" Report of U.N. Secretary General, Outflow of Trained Personnel from LDCs, Nov. 5, 

 1968, p. 74 (Table rV). 

 ^^ Niland, op. cit., p. 7. 

 158 Thomas, op. cit., p. 36. 

 «7 Ibid., pp. 36-37. 

 ^'"^ Ibid., p. 36. 



