1091 



foreio-n students wished to remain in the country."^ In the absence of 

 statisdcs for other developed countries ISIr. Baldwin assumed losses 

 on the same order of magnitude.^<^° Scattered figures are, however, 

 available on students from the LDCs studying in Canada. In 1968-69, 

 there were 38 students from Colombia, 110 from Lebanon, and 551 

 from Trinidad and Tobago. In 1969, thet-e were 43 from Cameroon.^" 

 Between 1962 and 1968, 4,000 Trinidadians studied in Canada. During 

 the 8-year period 1961-69, 180 Cameroonians studied in Canada, 120 

 of whom returned home.^^- Statistics on other student nonreturnees 

 are not available, but the assumption of roughly 20 percent might be 

 a useful guide for measurement. 



Viewing brain drain patterns in the large, therefore, Canada is seen 

 to be both a loser and a gainer. Large losses to the United States are 

 recouped by large gains from the Commonwealth countries and 

 Europe. Accordingly, Canadian authorities have been far less con- 

 cerned than the British about losses through immigration to the 

 United States.i"^^ Yet, as in so many instances of trade-offs in profes- 

 sional manpower, the LDCs are really the losers in the end: they pay 

 the price, and the statistics cited above tell the story. With this in 

 mind, the report of the U.N. Secretary General on brain drain from the 

 LDCs concluded : "In proportion to its population, Canada's intake 

 of professionals appear to be among the largest in the world ; the trend 

 tov> ards an increasing reliance on the skilled from developing countries 

 is strong." ^*^^ 



MOVEMENT TO AUSTRALIA 



Australia probably ranks next to Canada as a major importer of 

 human capital within the British Commonwealth. Unlike Canada, 

 which must over-import to compensate for losses of professional man- 

 power to its neighbor to the south, Australia is an independent destina- 

 tion and the outward flow is negligible. Free from the special influence 

 of the United States because of its geographic location, Australia's 

 pattern of immigration and rate of absorption are regarded as "more 

 normal." '^^'^ 



Australia's total imn^igration of workers during the period 1949 

 to mid- 1966 was 1,098,567. This figure compares favorably in magni- 

 tude with Canada's 1,314,878 for 1946-65. Australia's percentage of 

 PTKs is, however, lower. In that 17i/^ year period Australia accepted 

 90,438 PTKs representing 8.2 percent of professionals from the total 

 of immigrant workers; the corresponding figure for Canada was 11.1 

 percent. "The percentage of PTKs from the total worker immigrant 



'5f Report of U.N. Secretary General, Outflow of Trained Personnel from LDCs, Nov. 5, 

 1968, p. 82. 



i"» Baldwin, op. clt., p. 361. 



i«i Report of U.N. Secretary General, Outfloic of Trained Personnel from Developing to 

 Developed Countries, June 9, 1970, p. 54 (Table 4). 



"■2 Ibid., p. 9. 



!«! Baldwin, op. cit., p. 3.59. 



"'Report of U.N. Secretary General, Outflow of Trained Personnel from LDCs, Nov. 5, 

 196S, p. Ifi. To Illustrate Canada's pain in international brain drain exchanges. Alessandro 

 Silj cites Louis Parai as estimating that the InimlgratioTi of human capital to Canada in the 

 decade in.".3-63 represented a total value of about $37 million, counting the costs of edu- 

 catine e.nch emigrant in his native country. (Silj, op. cit., p. 6.) 



"= Thomas, op. cit., p. 37. 



