1162 



cultural loyalties, replacino; tliosc Avith tlio Amorican; and that of the 

 value system lield by the woi'M scientific coinmniiity. The effects of 

 each can be alienation from his own nati\e cnlture. Professor Zahlan 

 poses the basic question: "An advanced country such as the United 

 Slates, desirous of landine: a man on tlie moon by 1970, must neces- 

 sarily have a value system that makes specialization in space tech- 

 nology a most desirable activity. "Will a younjx Turk, Efryptian, or 

 I*ersian who is exposed from 4 to 10 years to this intense propap:anda 

 have an inclination to join a faculty of a university of Erzerum, 

 As<iut or Shii'az T" ■ '- 



Most vulnerable to the forces of acculturation are those students 

 Avlio remain overseas tlie lonfjest. Out of touch with his own count rv 

 a)ul immersed in the Ameiican envii'onment for a period of 4. 

 or 8 years, the foi'eipi student is likely to become alienated.""'^ 

 They become upi'ooted. "detribalized by the experience of foreip-n 

 study,'' as Pi'ofessor KindleljeT-jrer put it : maiiv never jjo home to 

 stay.^^-* According: to Eev. William J. Gibbons, S.J., of Fordham Uni- 

 versity, if foreign students remaiji one or several vears after com- 

 pletiniT their studies, "they are ai)t to remain ])ermanently." ^*'' Indian 

 •<\nd Chinese students are a))parent]y most vulnei-able. Professor 

 Xiland concluded that those who do ]iot make a fii-m mobility commit- 

 ment within the first C) months usually choose the nonreturn i)attern. '^''' 



Also vulnerable to nonretui'u are foi-ei^jti stude?its with advanced 

 de<rrees. Mobility tends to rise witli ascendinir levels of traininof. In 

 India, only about 1 perc(>nt of all those witli colle<j^e dejrrees are 

 al)r()ad compai'ed with 10 to 20 percent wi!]i nri-i(hiate deoroes.'^" A 

 study in V.)(\7 by the National Academy of Sciences stated that ap- 

 ])i'oximately a sexciith of all persons recei\in<: Amei'ican Ph.. D.'s weic 

 foreio-n citizens and tliat the })ercenta^e had been nrrowiuir. For tlie 

 ])eriod li)()0-GG, citizens froni the IRIX's constituted about C).") percent 

 of tliis ^roup, compared ^vit]l 40 percent in 1920-51). For tlie ])eiiod 

 r,)(;0-f)G, doctorates awarded to foreifrn students were heavily couv^en- 

 ti'ated in the physical sciences and en<:ineerino: (42 percent), biolo^rical 

 sciences (25 ])ercent), and social sciences (15 percent). Tlie pei-centaire 

 of those intending; to remain in the United States for their first post- 

 doctoral employment had risen steadily over the years. According; to 



^^ Nader and Zahlan, Science and Technology in Developing Countries, p. 308. Dr. Dael L. 

 Wolfle gave this description of the internationalization of a scientist : "In science, it is 

 I>articiiiarl.v true that the young scientist grows up with two sets of loyalties. He is loyal 

 to the region or the nation or the home country in which he lived, in whidi he was Itorn 

 and grew up. He is tied to it by reasons of language, religion, culture and family. He 

 grows up also in the scientific community in which he learns that the great figures of the 

 field come from many countries. It is likely that the teachers under whom he learns his 

 science come from many countries. As he gets into active work, he liecomes friendly with 

 colleagues from other ct)untries, and his community in a real sense is an International 

 one. And so lie is likely to move at different stages in his career. And this is not only a 

 movement across borders, it is a problem of movement within borders." (Department of 

 State, rroceedhigx of Workshop on the International Migration of Talent and Skills, 

 October 1966, p. 138.) 



3*' Comments by Albert G. Sims, Vice I're.sldent, College Entrance Exnminntinn Hnnrd 

 New York, .N.V.. 1 1( piirtiiii'iit uf State, I'riicciilinqx of W'orl.Dhup on the J iitcrnutidnnl 

 M i'/nit inn of Tnlint and Shilh, October I'JtiO, p. 117. 



■•"« KliidlcbcrgiT, oil. (It., p. i;v,). 



•■"■'■ I Irarliigs House, Covernment Ctperattons, Urain Drain, l!)Oft. p, 4. 



**• Nllatid, i'oriiqn Mimponcr Trainid in the United Statin, p. .'iOl. Amung the reasons 

 why foreign stuiletits riiualn so long overse.is are tlie need to learn a foreign hingunge, 

 failure to obtain nilnlmuiii academic stnnd.irdH for university admission, lnade(|uato knowl- 

 edge of academic rroulrements of courses for which they enndl ; InsuOlclent funds, 

 (•iardlner, op. (it., p. Ut5. ) In some Inst.nnces .\frlinii students have remained as long an 

 ir» years or more overseas to obtain academic or profes'-l<inal ipialllii atloii.s. 



»'■ CI.MT study, p. 691. 



