1170 



West. Many, like the Cubans, never return ; others, like many Afri- 

 cans, wait for favorable political chanfjes, but meanwhile become en- 

 gaged by the benign influence of their democratic host country."^ 



Advanced Western societies provide a political climate where free- 

 dom of inquirv can flourish. This freedom is vital to the survival of 

 the research scientist and other intellectuals; it is a "pull" factor in 

 immigration. Historically, the democratic concept of intellectual free- 

 dom has been a powerful magnetic force attracting emigrant profes- 

 sionals. In times of persecution and political stress, the United States, 

 Britain, France, and now West Germany and Austria, have become 

 havens of refuge for those who insist upon intellectual freedom in pur- 

 suit of their professions. 



OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGEMENT 



Governments of advanced countries contribute to the "pull" factor 

 in the political sphere by adopting policies specifically designed to en- 

 courage immigration. Competing on the world market for skilled man- 

 power, these countries have reformulated their immigration policies 

 for the stated purpose of attracting scientists, engineers, physicians, 

 and other emigrant professionals. In the case of the United States, 

 legislative provisions waive some of the requirements in special cases 

 of need and otherwise ease the adjustment to immigrant status. Dr. 

 Frankel conceded that American nnmigration laws and regulations 

 stimulated harmful flows of manpower from the LDCs. He told the 

 Senate Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization that "there 

 is ... a prima facie case for the proposition that our new immigra- 

 tion policies may aggravate the problems of many countries that are 

 seeking to progress, and that need leaders and trained people to show 

 the way." ^'* 



Less direct, but still meaningful, are the K. & D. programs sponsored 

 by the U.S. Government that have directly or indirectly generated 

 forces of attraction for emigrant professionals whose talents in fields 

 of science, technology, medicine, and health are thus made readily 

 marketable. As shown above, programs in educational exchange have 

 also set up magnetic waves of attraction. Though many of these pro- 

 grams were conceived in a spirit of altruism, wath the intention of 

 assisting disadvantaged peoples and nations, the effects have been to 

 encourage immigration. 



3"3 David Dickinson Henrv, Director, International Office, Harvard University, gave the 

 following description of what often takes place among African students: ". . • ^"n'e 

 returned home to welcoming governments and sure jobs. Others, the victims of harsh 

 political change In their own countries, are still waiting here or In Africa or elsewhere 

 in the personal limbo of the political refugee. They long for the day when their talents 

 and training may be put to use — the Ibos whose homes had been In Western Nigeria, 

 the Asians from East Africa, the Rhodesians — but that day has not yet arrived." 

 (Hearings. Senate, Judiciary Committee, International Migration of Talent and Skills, 

 19ns p 122.) 



' 374 Hearings Senate, Judiciary Committee, International Mipration of Talent and Skilli, 

 1908 p 17. A unioue example' of special efforts by the United States to encourage the 

 immigration of skilled manpower was "Operation Paperclip." This was the designation 

 given to the exercise designed to bring into the country 475 former German scientists 

 at the end of the war in Europe. One of the scientists observed : "It might not be an 

 exaggeration to sav that the Paperclip program was the first in American history wliere 

 an entire group of Immigrants were far above averace in their intellectual capacity and 

 mental heritage." Clarence G. Lasby, Project Paperclip: German Scientists and the Cold 

 "War, (New York: Atheneum, 1971), p. 271. 



