1179 



administration from developed to developing countries. Henderson 

 has described this inflow as ''inestimable in its value." *" 



Speaking for Iran, Habib Naficy said : ". . . it is certainly beyond 

 any argument that the modernization process could not have been sus- 

 tained without the work of Western-trained Iranians, however signifi- 

 cant may have been the contributions to this process by outsiders work- 

 ing in the country and the modernizing influence of other factors." *°* 



That other Middle Eastern countries have also benefited from Amer- 

 ican education is shown by the success of some student returnees who 

 with maturity moved on to leadership positions. Ahmad Zaki al- 

 Yamani, who at 42 years old is one of Saudi Arabia's leading political 

 figures, studied law at Harvard Univ^ersity. As Minister of Petroleum 

 Affairs, Sheik Yamani is the principal negotiator for Saudi Arabia 

 and the other Arab countries wdth the West over the future of the 

 Middle East's oil resources. For 13 years an adviser to King Faisal, 

 Yamani is also the main force behind Saudi Arabia's modernization. 

 He is assisted by Hisham Xazir, an economist wdth a Master's Degree 

 from the University of California at Los Angeles, who heads the 

 country's planning organization, and by Dr. Bakr Bakr, Dean of 

 Petroleum College. Dr. Bakr is a graduate petroleum engineer from 

 the University of Texas and a graduate from the Stanford Graduate 

 School of Business ; he also holds a doctorate in quantitative analysis 

 and management from the University of Southern California.*"^ 



Another case of an Arab LDCs benefiting from a student returnee 

 is that of Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi, a leading figure in Libya's 

 revolutionary government. A Ph. D. from George Washington Uni- 

 versity, al-Maghribi became a leader of the Libyan oil workers' union, 

 a petroleum lawyer for ESSO, and held such leading positions in the 

 Qaddafi government as Prime Minister, principal oil negotiator for 

 Libya, and the Libyan Ambassador to the United Nations.*"* 



The United States has played a primary role in educating many of 

 the young Arab oil elite. William F. Penniman, a petroleum consult- 

 ant, recalled for the House Foreign Affairs Committee in hearings on 

 Middle East negotiations in May 1973, that on one occasion he had 

 participated in oil negotiations with the Kuwaitis, five of whom had 



<"! Henderson, op. cit., p. 127. Dr. Charles V. Kldd, expressed the following views on this 

 matter that are held by many students of brain drain : "Advanced training in advanced 

 countries by students from less-developed countries Is on balance an indispensable means 

 for supplying trained talents to the less-advanced countries." After describing the rlslcs to 

 the LDCs and the estimated losses of some 10 percent, he concluded : "All In all, the price 

 paid by less-developed countries In terms of migration of students does not seem excessive." 

 (Hearings, House Government Operations Committee, Brain Drain, 1968. p. 50.) 



That Norway, a victim of brain drain, has gained substantially through the American 

 educational exchange program, was evident in the roster of "Leading Former Fulbrlghters" 

 whose names and occupations were appended to a letter from U.S. Ambassador to Is'orway 

 Thomas R. Byrne to Senator J. William Fulbright (D-Arlj.) dated Oct. 3. 1973, and inserted 

 In the Congressional Record. Among those "former Fulbrlghters" who returned home to 

 contribute their talents to Norway after receiving advanced education in the United States 

 rather than remain in this country are Members of Parliament, cabinet officials, leaders in 

 Norway's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other government departments, leaders in Indus- 

 try, publishing, education, medicine and law. The list reads liice a veritable "Who's Who In 

 Norway." (See, Educational exchange program. In Remarks by J. William Fulbright, 

 Congressional Record, Nov. 15. 1973. pp. S20442-S20443.) 

 • *"^ Mr. Naficy goes on to cite the negative effects. See. Naficy. op. cit.. p. 69. 



*«3.Tuan De Onis, "Mastery Over World Oil Supply Shifts to Producing Countries," 

 The Xeiv York Times, Apr. 11. 1973. pp. 1 and 2S. 



<o* Information provided by Clyde R. Mark, Analyst In Middle Eastern Affairs, Foreign 

 Affairs Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. 



