1218 



TABLE 29.— TOTAL ESTIMATED SAVINGS TO THE UNITED STATES IN EDUCATIONAL COSTS OF IMMIGRANT 

 SCIENTISTS, ENGINEERS, PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS ENTERING UNITED STATES FROM LDC'S AS IMMIGRANTS - 

 FISCAL YEAR 1971 AND FISCAL YEAR 1972 



Fiscal year 1971 



Fiscal year 1972 



Total Fiscal years 1971 and 

 1972 



Scientists/ 



engineers/ 



physicians/ 



surgeons 



Scientists/ 



Estimated engineers/ 



educational physicians/ 



savings > surgeons 



Scientists/ 



Estimated engineers/ 



educational physicians/ 



savings surgeons 



Estimated 



educational 



savings 



All countries. 18,850 $952,424,560 18,466 $1,003,667,440 37,316 $1,956,092,000 



All LDCs2 16,315 835,459,560 16,012 882,820,000 32,327 1,718,279,560 



West Europe: Greece 217 10,302,200 190 10,444,254 407 20,746,454 



Latin America' 1,378 89,574,120 1,279 70,836,680 2,657 160,410,800 



Asia --- 13,803 705,406,440 13,713 757,177,400 27,516 1,462,583,840 



Near and Middle East 1,036 57,862,560 1,239 76,860,680 2,275 134,723,240 



FarEast 12,767 647,543,880 12,474 680,316,720 25,241 1,327,860,600 



China 1.104 49,724,160 934 46,686,800 2,038 %, 410, 960 



India- 5,283 241,050,280 5,369 278,976.760 10,652 520,027,040 



Korea 1,449 99,243,000 1,336 87,038,880 2,805 186,281,880 



Pakistan 791 36,136,400 751 39,393,480 1,542 75,529,880 



Philippines 2,568 141,755,840 2,371 124,844,200 4,939 266,600,040 



Other 1,572 79,551,200 1,693 103,376,600 3,265 182,927,800 



Africa 



Egypt 



Other 



All other areas. 106 4,639,920 138 7,155,760 244 11,795,680 



• The figure for the estimated educational savings for immigrant scientists .engineers, physicians ani surgeons is corn- 

 computed on the basis of $9,070 as representing an approximation of the annual average cost per student and $83,000 

 per person for medical undergraduate school costs for 4 years of training. The $9,070 figure, relating specifically to esti- 

 mated real costs of higher education for the year 1971-72, was computed by How/ard R. Bowen and Paul Servelle in a study 

 published by the American Association for Higher Education. In presentmg the data, the authors state: "These estimates 

 are crude and should be used only to indicate rough orders of magnitude. Even so, the table shovi^s how heavily the real 

 costs of higher education bear upon students and their families." Howard R. Bowen, and Paul Servelle, "Who Benefits 

 from Higher Education— and Who Should Pay?" Prepared by the ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education, George Wash- 

 ington University (Washington. DC: American Association for Higher Education, 1972), pp. 31-33.) 



The estimated figure o' $83,000 per person for educational costs of a physician was cited in Henderson, "Emigration of 

 Highly Skilled Manpower from the Developing Countries," 1970, p. 132. Mr. Henderson cites this figures for surgeons 

 who are, as he says, "the most expensive." However, the figure of $83,000 per person is not excessively high as Mr. "Hen- 

 derson suggests. According to a recent report by the AAMC, the annual cost per medical student in the undergraduate medi- 

 cal educational program leading to the M.O. degree is estimated to range from a low of $16,300 to a high of $26,400. Over 

 4 years this would amount to $65,200 and $105,600 respectively. The average total annual cost from a selected 12 schools 

 amounts to $21,350 per student, or a 4-year total of $85,400. The estimate, figured in 1972 dollars, was based upon a study 

 of 12 medical schools. The components used in computing costs were, instruction, research, clinical activity, other admini- 

 istrative, scholarly, and professional activities. The report indicated that even this figure represents only a part of the total 

 cost of preparing a physician for independent practice. (Association of American Medical Colleges, Report of the Committee 

 on the Financing of Medical Education, "Undergraduate Medical Education: Elements— Objectives— Costs," (AAMC, 

 1973, pp. 12.) 



■ LOCs are understood to mean the following areas and countries listed in table 1 of NSF "Highlights:" Greece, North 

 and Central America (excluding Canada), South America, Asia, Africa, and "All other areas." 



3 Latin America is understood to mean those areas and countries listed in table 1 of NSF "Highlights" as North and Cen- 

 tral America (excluding Canada) and South America. 



The statistical data in this tabl; relating to the number of immigrants and areas are drawn from, NSF. "High- 

 lights. Immigrant Scientists and Engineers." Aug. 20, 1973. p. 2. 



ynaccoiintecl for in these estimates of cost savings in education is 

 the "immeasiuable benefit," as Melvin J. Fox, associate director of 

 the Ford Foundation, termed it, that accrued to the United States 

 from programs of international educational exchange.^^^ These pro- 

 grams virtually revolutionized American advanced education; they 

 contributed enormously to the development of area studies in Ameri- 



^^" Fox, op. clt.. p. 75. Fox elahoratp.s on the multlfaceted benefits accruing to the United 

 States from its participation in educational exchange. 



