1257 



For example, the problems facing the poorest African LDC emerging 

 from colonialism without benefit of having available the most rudi^ 

 mentary forms of scientific and technical training are far different 

 from those of some Latin American country, like Mexico which may 

 be regarded as a developing nation but which has made great material 

 progress and, moreover, has one of the finest and oldest universities in 

 the Western Hemisphere, the University of Mexico. 



However variable conditions in the LDCs may be, to build a scien- 

 tific-technological infrastructure requires : 



— Material resources and proper funding support for carrying 

 on research ; 



— An educational system, soundly rooted in the sciences, that 

 can produce trained professional manpower and provide the 

 necessary "critical mass'' for progress in science research ; 



— A commitment by the government and people to science and 



technology' as a problem-solving and creative element in society ; 



— A network of internal and external communications within 



the community of world science to insure currency in scientific 



developments and permit indigenous science to flourish ; and 



— A close working interrelationship within the triad that can 

 insure national development, namely, the scientific and techno- 

 logical community, the government, and the main sectors of the 

 national economy. 

 Dr. Michael J. Moravcsik, Director of the Institute of Theoretical 

 Pliysics at the University of Oregon, and a long-time student of scien- 

 tific brain drain from the LDCs, has concentrated on this corrective 

 aspect of brain drain, that is, the building of a scientific-technological 

 infrastructure. Some of the salient points on this complex subject, 

 stressed in both his published and unpublished studies, are cited here, 

 along with commentaries from other sources.^*^ 



<"* Both the published and unpublished works are cited here for the convenience of the 

 reader. Dr. Moravcsik made his unpublished studies available to Mr. Warren R. Johnston, 

 A.ssoclate Director of this series on "Science, Teclinology, and American Diplomacy." 



"Technical Assistance and Fundamental Research In Underdeveloped Countries," 

 Minerva 2 f Winter, 1964), pp. 198-209. 



"Some Practical SuRCOstions for the Improvement of Science In Developing Countries," 

 Mineri^a 4 (1966), pp. 382-390. 



"The Physicist Interviewing Project," with Francis E. Dart, Department of Physics, 

 University of Oregon, undated. 5 pp. (unpublished). 



"The Physics Graduate Student in the United States : A Guide for Prospective Foreign 

 Students," with Francis E. Dart, Department of Physics, University of Oregon, December 

 1969,10pp. (unpublished). 



"Reflections on National Laboratories, BMHetw of the Atomic Scientists, (February 

 1970), pp. 11-].'). 



"Communication Among Scientists and Its Implications to Developing Countries." 

 Lecture delivered at the Research and Development Management Seminar, Scientific and 

 Technical Research Council of Turkey, in cooperation with the Technical Assistance 

 Proerramme, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Istanbul, May 

 1970, 21 pp. (unpublished). 



"Basic Scientific Research In Developing Nations," based on lecture given at the 

 Seminar on Research and Development Management. Scientific and Technical Research 

 Council of Turkey, in cooperation with the Technical Assistance Programme of the Organi- 

 zation of Economic Cooperation and Development, Istanbul, May 1970, 22 pp. (unpub- 

 lished). 



"Education and Research in Scientifically Developing Countries," based on a lecture 

 delivered at the Research and Development Management Seminar. Scientific and Technical 

 Researc'i Council of Turkey, Technical Assistance Program of the Organization for Eco- 

 nomic Cooperation and Development, Istanbul, May 1970, 26 pp. (unpublished). 



"How to Help with Modest Resouri^es?" Lecture delivered at the meeting of the British 

 Association, Durham, England, Sept. 7, 1970, 19 pp. (unpublished) 



"A Chance to Close the Gap?" Feb. .5, 1971. 7 pp. (unpublished). 



"CoVimunication in the Worldwide Scientific Community." based on lectnrp given at 

 the All-Pakistan Science Conference, University of Islamabad, Pakistan, 1973, 12 pp. 

 (unnubllshed). 



The reader's attention Is also called to the work edited by Nader and Zahlan entitled, 

 ffrienee and Technolopy in Developinp Covntries, and referred to elsewhere in this study. 

 While the book focuses mainly on the Middle East, much of the subject matter does have 

 '■"^evance to LDCs In general. 



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