1306 



pressures for change in American policy towards FMGs comes from 

 "a growing clamor by foreign governments and international private 

 groups (including groups in the Philippines, India, Thailand, and 

 Korea) over the loss of physicians to the United States," ^^^ As re- 

 cently as September 1973, Leslie Aldridge Westoff reported that a 

 sign that brain drain was becoming "increasingly serious is the pres- 

 sure put on our State Department by about 80 countries which have 

 asked that we send students skilled in essential fields back home when 

 their programs are over, and not encourage them to study sophisticated 

 subjects, such as psychiatry, for which there is not yet a need where 

 they come from." ^®^ Finally, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Educa- 

 tional and Cultural Affairs Alan Reich acknowledged publicly in 

 February 1974 that "at times this problem creates embarrassment for 

 the United States Government." '^^ 



Political Reality : Confrontation Between Rich and Poor. — Thus, 

 confrontation between rich and poor is a reality in relations between 

 the advanced industrial countries and the LDCs. The ingredients are 

 present for heightening rather than reducing prospects for even more 

 serious confrontations. Success of the oil embargo in the wake of the 

 October 1973 Arab-Israeli war that spawned a worldwide energy crisis 

 with far-reaching implications seemed to be a storm signal to the great 

 industrial powers of a newly gained negotiating strength for the LDCs 

 in an evolving world of interdependence. 



WORLD COMPETITION FOR VITAL MINERAL RESOURCES IN SHORT SUPPLY 



A related threat to American national security issuing from the 

 development gap is the world competition for vital mineral resources 

 in short supply. The main sources of these minerals are largely located 

 in the Ll)Cs.«"° 



World Mineral Resources in the LDCs. — LDC predominance in 

 possessing the world's minerals is a fact of nature that the industrial 

 nations are rapidly becoming aware of, and movements toward devel- 

 oping cartel-relationships among the LDCs indicate the political pur- 



■ ■"" Ibid. p. 89. 



■'« Westoff. op. clt., pp. 79-80. 



'» Congressional Record, Mar. 12. 1974. p. E1340. 



«*> The energy crisis of 1973-1974 made Americans conscious of the uncertain supply 

 of many resources, materials, and commodities vital to national needs. This concern was 

 reflected in the Congress. On Feb. 19. 1974. Senate Majority leader Mike Mansfield 

 (D-Mont. ) and Senate Minority leader Hugh Scott (R-Fa.) corresponded with the President 

 on this matter. They suggested the creation of a Legislative-Executive Branch mechanism 

 in conjunction with representatives of Industry, labor, and other areas of national life 

 "for the purpose of thinking through our national needs, not only as they confront us. 

 today, but as they are likely to be five, ten or more years hence and how they are best to be 

 met." The President reacted favorably to the suggestion and proposed a meeting with 

 leaders of the Executive Branch. On Apr. 9, 1974. the Senate Democratic Policy Com- 

 mittee adopted a resolution incorporating the Ideas set forth In this exchange of corre- 

 spondence. (Mike Mansfield, "A Proposal for a New Approach on Economic Foresight," 

 Remarks in the Senate, Congressional Record, Apr. 11, 1974. pp. S5744-S5745. ) 



That there Is an urgency to studv and future planning in the materials field was indi- 

 cated by Dr. Franklin P. Huddle, Senior Specialist In the Science Policy Research Division 

 of the Congressional Research Service, in a study prepared In 1972 for the House Com- 

 mittee on Science and Astronautics. Dr. Huddle wrote : "The question is not whether the 

 United States could pursue a policy of self-sufficiency In materials without total economic 

 collapse. It could. But not without painful readjustments, severe Inflation, and an In- 

 estimable erosion of Individual freedom of choice and standards of living. In the past, such 

 sacrifices have been observed in nations only under the powerful motivation of war for 

 survival." (U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics, Industrial Ma- 

 terials: Technological Problems <f Issues for Congress, A study prepared for the Subcom- 

 mittee on Science, Research, and Development by Dr. Franklin P. Huddle, Science Policy 

 Research Division. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 92d Cong., 2d 

 sess., 1973, p. 14. Committee print.) 



