1401 



1968 Australia 



1968 Romania 



1969 China (Taiwan) 



1969 France (no formal agreement) 



1970 Spain 



By early 1975 there were upwards of 28 bilateral agreements or 

 understandings of one sort or another in the fields of science and tech- 

 nology. (See Table 3.) An analysis of these b}' OES proposed two 

 categories of programs: (1) those pursuant to formal government-to- 

 government agreements, and (2) those evolved by mutual agreement 

 in a less formal way. Each category was further subdivided. In the 

 first category, eight bilaterals (with Australia, Argentina, Brazil, 

 Taiwan, Itaty, New Zealand, Romania, and Spain) involve a general 

 agreement but with no joint implementing commission. Another nine 

 (with India, Iran, Israel, Egypt, Mexico, Poland, Saudi Arabia, 

 Yugoslavia, and U.S.S.R.) are pursuant to a government-to-govern- 

 ment agreement, implemented by a joint commission. 



In the second category, are bilaterals with "structured science and 

 technology cooperative programs." Of these, four (Japan, France, 

 Federal Republic of Germany, and Canada) are with countries in 

 which "significant scientific relationships" exist, supplementing 

 private industry which is the "main channel of techriological rela- 

 tions." The remaining seven (Morocco, Tunisia, Sri Lanka, Burma, 

 Pakistan, Guinea, and the Peoples Republic of China) are less salient ,^ 

 funded — except for China — with Public Law 480 funds.'^* 



Table 3. — U.S. Bilateral Science Programs, January 1975 (List supplied hyi 



Department of State) 



INTERGOVERNMENTAL BILATERAL S&T STRUCTURED S&T COOPERATIVE 



AGREEMENT PROGRAM 



Italy Japan (1) 



Australia France 



Argentina Germany 



Brazil Morocco (4) 



Republic of China Tunisia (4) 



Mexico (1) Sri Lanka (4) 



New Zealand Canada 



Yugoslavia (1, 4) Burma (4) 



Romania People's Republic of China (2) 



Poland (1, 4) Pakistan (4) 



USSR (1) Guinea (4) 



Spain (2) 



Israel (1, 3, 4) 



Iran (1) 



Egypt (1, 4) 



Saudi Arabia (1) 



India (1, 4, 5) 



1— Joint Commissions or Committees and similar arrangements. 



2 — S&T activities and exchanges in context of cultural, educational, or other cooperative programs. 



3— U.S. -Israel Binational Science Foundation. 



4 — Public Law 480 programs. 



5— U.S.-India Scientists Exchange Program. 



"< U.S. Department of State. "U.S. Scientific and Technological Relationships with Other Nations," 

 International Science Notes, no. 33 (January 1975), pp. 12-14. In addition to these more general bilateral science 

 agreements, there are also a great many other agreements of narrower scope directly involving individual 

 U.S. departments and agencies in cooperation with their counterparts in other countries. These should be- 

 recognized as an important feature in relation to the subject matter of this chapter, but their total scope and 

 diplomatic importance are not assessed in the present study. 



