1486 



the Western intellectual tradition, improve relationships with intellectual groups 

 in the communist vorld, help develop common goals and objectives both with the 

 rich and poor nations, strengthen international organizations, and enhance the 

 jmage of the United States as a nation concerned with more than material things.^" 



One European author has suggested that shared participation of 

 scientists in international programs provides the four essential in- 

 gredients of poHtical unity. These were indicated to be a common 

 language, mutual understanding, shared effort, and a common pur- 

 pose. ^^^ However, this same author notes elsewhere that "The di- 

 mensions of scientific cooperation have changed :" 



It is no longer simply a matter of exchanges and communications for the ex- 

 clusive use of specialized circles; it is now a matter of the joint realization of great 

 enterprises (high energy physics, industrial exploitation of nuclear energy, ex- 

 ploration of space, etc.), within intergovernmental institutions whose budgets are 

 going to compete with national research budgets. Its responsibilities have also 

 changed; it began and developed essentially on the initiative of scientific circles, 

 but it is now to a considerable degree stimulated and financed by governments. 

 Furthermore, the objectives and activities of the institutions in which it takes 

 place are not exclusively scientific. Finally, the direction of scientific cooperation 

 has changed: the cost and the advantages of joint actions are no longer m,easured 

 only in relation to the interests of science in general, but also in relation to the 

 objectives pursued by each countr}^, in the form of its own programmes of scientific, 

 technological, economic or military expansion. The participation of a country is 

 thus seen as one form of national investment among others, an instrument of 

 broader policies and objectives.^*^ 



In a presentation before the vSubcommittee on International Coop- 

 eration of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, May 18, 

 1971, Herman Pollack presented lists of the various "specific objectives 

 of international cooperation, science and technology"; he divided 

 these into the categories of Scientific, Humanitarian, Political, 

 Economic, and National Security. The "scientific" goals, according 

 to Pollack, were: 



a. To advance the world's store of knowledge by free interchange of ideas and 

 data ''e.g., International Decade of Ocean Exploration). 



b. To create a ''critical mass" of intellect and or instrumentation in attacking 

 common problems (e.g., Global Atmospheric Research Program). 



c. To speed the solution of critical problems by task apportionment or com- 

 plementary research (e.g., safetv vehicle development by United States, Italy, 

 Germany (CCMS) (NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society). 



2" Ibid., p. 170. Incidentally, he suggests that: "The science attache program might be considerably im- 

 proved if it were operated jointly by the State Department and the National Science Foundation. Just as the 

 raiUtary and agricultural attaches are the joint responsibility of the Departments of Defense and Agriculture, 

 respectively, the Foundation could provide both guidance for the program and personnel for service as 

 Science Attaches." A similar suggestion was made on several occasions by [then] Chairman Daddario of the 

 Subcommittee on Science. Research and Development. 



For example in a report on NSF appropriation authorizations for the fiscal year 1971, Mr. Daddario sub- 

 mitted the following item: 



The committee recognizes the important aspects of scientific research, and the valuable role which 

 the NSF can play therein. The committee has given consideration to appropriate methods for con- 

 structive participation by the Foundation in our international science activities. It proposes that the 

 Foundation and the Department of State give further study to this issue during the coming year. 



The committee has no intention of recommending a system of dual scientific representation by 

 NSF and the State Department in foreign countries. However, it does feel that the Science Founda- 

 tion and its personnel can make a valuable contribution to the existing science attach^ program. 

 Appropriate administrative procedures could be worked out whereby NSF staff members might 

 function as staff members of individual embassies, and also have the opportunity to provide a 

 meaningful interface between American science and the scientists of the host country. The Committee 

 beUeves that such a program, properly implemented, would further the progress of American 

 science, and also contribute to the technical knowledge and reasoned judgements necessary to an 

 increasing proportion of foreign policy decisions. (U.S. Congress, House, Authorizino Appropriations 

 to the National Science Foundation, Rept. No. 91-991, 91st Cong., 2d sess., April 1970, p. 60.) 



However, it does not appear that any action was taken by cither SCI or NSF in response to this proposal. 

 262 Jean-Jacques Salomon, Science and PolUics (Cambridge, Mass.: The M.T.T. Press, 1973), pp. 223-224. 

 2W Jean-Jacques Salomon, "The Internationale of Science," Science Studies 1 , No. 1 (January 1971), p. 33. 



