who became a critical partner in the endeavor. They were the professional 

 implementors, and the university group were the amateurs. This group of four wise 

 men were so central that they shared with us the responsibilities for both the strengths 

 and weaknesses of developments. They and others described the triumphs and 

 frustrations of implementation in a policy seminar of the International Institute for 

 Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) held in June 1979. '^ And further events have 

 transpired since then: 



Budnorni.Jhe federal research agency remains little changed but the operational 

 agency (the Department of Natural Resources, New Brunswick) has changed its 

 program of inventory and wood supply analysis and has instituted a policy 'and 

 planning division covering all aspects of forest management under the direction of a 

 new Assistant Deputy Minister — our very own wise man, Gordon Baskerville. 



Salmon. The Salmonid Enhancement Program was a new, semi-autonomous 

 entity committed from the start to the adaptive philosophy and approach. Policy, 

 planning and operations are hence interwoven with those notions. The salmon 

 management program was part of an existing line department that initiated a change 

 in the management approach when, for other reasons, the strategic and most of the 

 tactical level staff were lost in an organizational change in 1978. Now, however, a new 

 group has begun to implement new fishing regulations triggered, in part, by AEAM. 



Obergurgl. The grand success story is Obergurgl. A critical town meeting was 

 held in 1974 in which citizens and officials debated the issues with an interactive 

 computer model as the mediator of questions and the core group as the facilitators. 

 Farmer, hoteliers and scientists now claim that the model, analysis and interactive 

 meeting turned growing polarization and conflict into collaboration. There has been 

 no hotel construction since, and hoteliers have established funds to subsidize farming 

 activity and further modeling and analysis to cope with future surprises. They argue 

 that quite apart from specific decisions that followed, the most significant and 

 profound result was that farmers now feel an honored and integral part of the 

 village's future. 



U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The effort to encourage change 

 focused on the training of a workshop staff within the service. That was accomplished 

 by having them do it — run workshops, perform analyses, interact and orchestrate. If 

 you are going to learn to swim you have to jump in the water. The projects chosen 

 were hence experimental — in part, the participants, suffered from the learning 

 experience; in part they benefited from it. Significant contributions were made to the 

 Truckee-Carson River Quality Assessment Project in direct collaboration with the 

 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and to the San Joaquin, Sacramento Rivers analysis 

 in collaboration with the FWS California Water Policy Center. The group is now 

 completely able to conduct workshops and post-workshop activities. Satellite groups 

 have emerged elsewhere. Whereas once our phone was frequently ringing with 

 requests for assistance, now we have to phone to discover their continuing triumphs 

 and frustrations. 



Only when the pudding is eaten are the ingredients tested. Hence these final lessons 

 are central to changes sought for in the management and protection of renewable 

 resources. A senior administrator and policy advisor in government summarized his 

 problem in this way: "Scientists keep telling me what a bunch of dolts bureaucrats 

 are, and bureaucrats keep telling me what a bunch of nurds scientists are." And 

 methodologists damn and are damned by both. How do we select and combine 

 knowledge, methods and institutions for a policy purpose? 



The critical problems and lessons are as follows: 



1. Science. 



The workshop procedures and the qualitative and quantitative methods 

 provide an effective way for the scientists and experts involved to develop a 



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