techniques were also found for keeping waterfowl and birds of prey. Also, surrogates 

 for highly desired game birds were located — ones that did well in research labs. 



Few facilities had suitable pens for birds or a water supply for aquatic testing. 

 Flow-through techniques were sought, but lack of equipment and water supply 

 hindered progress. Near the end of the decade, Olson and Foster^ published a paper 

 on the effects of chromium on rainbow trout. Their research involved flow-through 

 techniques. This was one of the first published works using a long exposure period. In 

 1967, Mount and Stephan^ published on the first life cycle toxicity test. Equipment 

 shortcomings and the difficulty of obtaining successful spawning had previously 

 hindered such testing. 



Water Quality Standards 



The 1965 Federal Water Pollution Control Acf required water quality standards 

 for interstate waters. The information necessary to establish these standards was 

 sparse but the need was a strong incentive for generating quantitative toxicity data. 

 This incentive "boosted into orbit" aquatic toxicology. The Federal Insecticide, 

 Fungicide and Rodenticide Act was also strengthened and more bird data were 

 required for pesticide registration. Late in the decade the Report of the Committee on 

 Water Quality Criteria' was published as a summary of environmental toxicology 

 data to date. 



As the 1970s dawned. Earth Day and the emotion that preceded and followed it 

 brought unprecedented attention, expertise and budget to environmental toxicology. 

 What, up to that time, had been unimportant and dull research suddenly became the 

 "in" thing to do. 



PROGRESS DURING THE SEVENTIES 

 Introduction 



Space in this report permits touching on only a few of the many achievements 

 made from 1970 to 1980. While not an achievement of research per if, the numerous 

 legal actions growing out of stricter environmental control and improvement efforts 

 forced many environmental toxicologists and biologists to testify under oath. 

 Specifics are hard to cite, but these experiences led to a maturity in data 

 interpretation and a sharpening of the relevancy of research in the entire field. A new 

 dimension was added to research: it had to be admissible as legal evidence. 



The same legal activity and increasing regulatory controls caused the private sector 

 to hire many toxicologists. In addition, numerous contract laboratories emerged 

 which provided the facilities and staff to develop data to rebut the regulatory agency 

 scientists. Thus, the decade has seen an immense growth in the number of competent 

 environmental toxicologists in the private sector. Meetings of people in the discipline 

 during the 1960s were dominated by governmental and academic types. During the 

 1970s, such meetings attracted larger numbers from the growing ranks in the private 

 sector. By 1980, governmental and academic (excepting those academic scientists 

 who are paid consultants) scientists are not uncommonly in the minority. 



Progress on Methods 



The use of chronic life cycle tests on aquatic organisms and birds expanded rapidly 

 even though the cost of each test amounted to tens of thousands of dollars. Journals 

 devoted to advancing research findings were willing to publish such work because it 

 was new. That changed, however, by 1980. Only a few species have been used in such 

 tests and the work became routine and less acceptable for journals. 



Because of the bioconcentration (and bioaccumulation) potential of certain 

 pesticides (and subsequent United States Food and Drug Administration actions on 

 high residues in commercial fishes and some wildlife species), laboratory methods to 

 measure this property of chemicals advanced rapidly. During the last few years, 



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