Chapter X — Research and Studies Program 



to further the purposes and policies of the Act. Since 

 it was established, the Commission has contracted for 

 approximately 1 ,000 projects ranging in amounts from 

 several hundred dollars to $150,000. The amount 

 spent annually on research and studies since 1986 has 

 averaged about $100,000. 



Occasionally the Commission's investment in 

 research is in the form of transfers of funds to and 

 from other Federal agencies, particularly the National 

 Marine Fisheries Service, the Fish and Wildlife 

 Service, the Minerals Management Service, and the 

 Department of State. When such funds are trans- 

 ferred from the Commission to another agency, the 

 Commission provides detailed scopes of work describ- 

 ing precisely what the agency is to do or to have 

 done, as well as the requirements for reporting on 

 progress to the Commission. In many instances, this 

 has made it possible for agencies to start needed 

 research sooner than might otherwise have been 

 possible and to subsequently support the projects on 

 their own for as long as necessary. The Commission 

 believes that it is essential to maintain agency involve- 

 ment to the greatest extent possible and that such 

 transfers provide a useful means of doing so. 



In calendar year 1995 the Commission used 

 approximately $103,000 of its own funds to support 

 research and studies. Research undertaken by the 

 Commission in 1995 also included projects co-spon- 

 sored by the Department of State, the National Marine 

 Fisheries Service, and the Navy for which these 

 agencies transferred $113,000 to the Commission. 

 Research and studies supported by the Commission in 

 1995, including those funded jointly by the Commis- 

 sion and other Federal agencies, are described below. 



Final reports from most Commission-sponsored 

 studies are available from the National Technical 

 Information Service; they are listed in Appendix B. 

 Papers and other publications resulting entirely or in 

 part from Commission-sponsored activities and 

 published elsewhere are listed in Appendix C. 



BASIC PRINCIPLES AND AGREEMENTS 



Updating the Commission's Compendium of 

 Selected Treaties and International Agreements 

 Regarding Marine Resources 

 (Alternative Business Systems, Washington, D.C; 

 Editorial Experts, Alexandria, Virginia; Richard L. 

 Wallace, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut) 



In December 1993 the Marine Mammal Commis- 

 sion published the Compendium of Selected Treaties, 

 International Agreements, and Other Relevant Docu- 

 ments on Marine Resources, Wildlife, and the Envi- 

 ronment. The Compendium is a single source of 

 documents describing the United States' international 

 obligations concerning fisheries, marine mammals, 

 and other wildlife, ocean conservation and resource 

 management, environmental protection, and related 

 issues. It has been used extensively by Congressional 

 staff and by environmental attorneys, biologists, 

 resource managers, and students throughout the 

 world. The Compendium is current through 31 

 December 1992. Since its publication, a number of 

 international agreements bearing on resource conser- 

 vation have been amended and new ones concluded. 

 These contracts were provided to update the 1993 

 Compendium. The contractors are collecting, elec- 

 tronically scanning, and typesetting the texts of 

 treaties and agreements amended and concluded since 

 the end of 1992. The updated version will be pub- 

 lished in 1996. 



New Principles for the Conservation of Wild Living 



Resources Workshop 



(Marc Mangel, Ph.D., University of California, 



Davis) 



A 1978 paper by Sidney J. Holt and Lee M. Talbot 

 described "New Principles for the Conservation of 

 Wild Living Resources." The principles set forth in 

 the paper have not been applied widely. Also, 

 human-caused pressures on many marine and terrestri- 

 al plant and animal species have increased, as has the 

 body of scientific and technological knowledge regard- 

 ing wildlife conservation. As discussed in previous 

 annual reports, the Marine Mammal Commission 

 contracted in 1992 with one of the authors of the 1978 

 paper to consult with scientists and managers from 

 more than 30 countries to determine factors that have 



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