with respect to ventilation, lighting, shade, isolation and 

 separation of animals, and water quality; (2) establishing 

 standards for emergency and contingency plans, staff training, 

 air and water temperature requirements, water turnover rates, and 

 water turbidity, salinity, and pH; (3) defining what constitutes 

 temporary holding; (4) enhancing recordkeeping requirements, 



(5) prohibiting food deprivation as a training technique; 



(6) revising minimum space requirements for pools and enclosures; 

 and (7) adopting specific regulations for travelling exhibitions. 



The Commission works on an ongoing basis with the Animal and 

 Plant Health Inspection Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service, 

 and the National Marine Fisheries Service to assist in implemen- 

 ting the care and maintenance standards. In April 1985 and 

 November 1988, for example, the Commission, in cooperation with 

 the two Services, sponsored a training seminar for Animal and 

 Plant Health Inspection Service inspectors. Seminar topics 

 included a survey of the biology and physiology of marine 

 mammals, a review of maintenance requirements for captive marine 

 mammals, and discussion of how best to carry out the duties and 

 responsibilities of inspectors. A third training seminar, 

 originally planned for 1989, is expected to be held in mid-1990. 



Animal Welfare Act Amendments 



The Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-188), enacted on 23 

 December 1985, included amendments to the Animal Welfare Act. 

 The main thrust of these amendments was to enhance the humane 

 treatment of animals used in research by minimizing pain and 

 distress. Congress directed that the Secretary of Agriculture 

 promulgate standards with respect to animals in research 

 facilities requiring that: (a) animal pain and distress be 

 minimized; (b) principal investigators consider possible 

 alternatives to any procedure likely to produce pain or dis- 

 tress; (c) veterinarians be consulted in planning potentially 

 painful procedures; (d) appropriate pain-killers be used, and 

 (e) except when scientifically necessary, no animal be used in 

 more than one experiment involving major surgery. The amend- 

 ments also call for the establishment of Institutional Animal 

 Care and Use Committees at research facilities to inspect 

 periodically all animal study areas and to review research 

 procedures and the condition of research animals. 



On 21 March 1987, the Department of Agriculture's Animal and 

 Plant Health Inspection Service published proposed regulations to 

 implement the 1985 amendments and to update the existing Animal 

 Welfare Act regulations. On 10 August 1987, the Commission, in 

 consultation with its Committee of Scientific Advisors, provided 

 detailed comments to the Service on the proposed regulations. 

 Among its primary concerns, the Commission noted that the 

 definition of "research facility" contained in the statute and 



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