Volume I contains sections on: (1) a functional classification of 

 the coastal ecosystems, (2) foraminifera in estuarine classification, 

 C3) ecological systems by state, (4) general recommendations, and 

 C5) chapters on types of ecological systems. Volume II deals with 

 natural temperate ecosystems with seasonal programming. Volume III 

 contains sections on: (1) natural Arctic ecosystems with ice stress, 

 (2) emerging new systems associated with man, and (3) migrating 

 subsystems. Volume IV is a bibliography and place index; all of 

 the references cited in the chapters of the study are included and 

 there are also many other references that increase its usefulness. 

 At the end of the bibliography is a special section. Bibliography of 

 Coastal Bibliographies, which provides special groupings as well as 

 many titles not included in the main bibliography. 



Four of the papers from this multi-volume work are abstracted else- 

 where in this bibliography. (See I-A-3, I-A-4, I-A-5, I-A-6, I-A-7, 

 I-A-8, I-A-9, IV-D-17, and I-A-10.) (B.W.) 



Keywords: coastal ecosystems, foraminifera. North Carolina, U.S. general 



I-A-3 



Cooper, A.W. 1974. Salt marshes. Pages 55-98 inH.T. Odum, B.J. Copeland, 

 and E.A. McMahan, eds.. Coastal ecological systems of the United States, 

 Vol. 2. The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C. 



This chapter presents a brief general discussion of salt marshes, 

 vegetation, and energy flow. The two major groups of salt marshes in 

 the United States--those characteristic of the East and Gulf coasts 

 and those characteristic of the West coast--are discussed in detail. 

 The author describes the various geographic regions associated with 

 different marsh types, zonation patterns, and the marsh fauna. 



Salt marsh productivity and system energy flow are described with 

 references to important studies in the field. A third part of the 

 chapter is a discussion of the effects of stresses on the salt marsh 

 ecosystem. The most obvious destructive forces are those associated 

 with improvement of navigation, land development, or refuse disposal 

 such as dredge and fill, channelization, and spoiling. 



The salt marshes at Sapelo Island, Georgia, are the most intensively 

 studied marshes in North America and are used as a case history model 

 for other North American salt marshes. 



Information on seasonal variations in temperature, percent of incident 

 light, salt marsh vegetation, algae productivity, annual energy flow, 

 phosphorous flow, insect distribution, planktonic copepods, topography, 

 sediment types, and salinity is presented in diagrams. (B.W.) 



Keywords: salt marshes, marsh vegetation, energy flow, productivity, 

 U.S. coasts, Georgia, Sapelo Island 



