Palmer (1976b) suggested that oil pollution on both coasts of North Amer- 

 ica was a greater source of mortality for the White-winged Scoter than duck 

 hunting. King and Sanger (1979) indicated that populations of White-winged 

 Scoters in the Pacific Northwest of the United States could be at severe risk 

 from oil pollution. This species is evidently declining in numbers in the Old 

 World and in some portions of its North American range. Although we have no 

 good idea of the numbers wintering in the waters of the southeastern United 

 States, it seems likely that the total is small compared to numbers in the more 

 northern waters of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Consequently, although 

 White-winged Scoters will probably be among the first birds lost to oil spills 

 in the southeast, oil pollution or development of petroleum resources in this 

 area should have little effect on the total population of this species. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



1981 



Brown, P. W. and M. A. Brown. 1981. Nesting biology of the White-winged 

 Scoter. J. Wildl. Manage. 45: 38-45. 



1980 



Byard, M. E. 1980. White-winged Scoter taken in Grant County, Oklahoma. 

 Bull. Okla. Ornithol. Soc . 13: 21. 



Wilson, W. J. 1980. Inverted flight of White-winged Scoters during courtship 

 flight. Am. Birds 34: 747. 



1979 



Hirsch, K. V. 1979. Wintering diving ducks in Puget Sound and the Strait of 

 Juan de Fuca. (Abstract only). Pac . Seabird Group Bull. 6: 37. 



1978 



Houston, C. S. and P. W. Brown. 1978. Longevity of White-winged Scoters. 

 Bird-Banding 49: 186-187. 



1977 



Hoff, J. G. 1977. Slipper shells, a major food item for White-winged Scoters. 

 Wilson Bull. 89: 331. 



Mikuska, J. and I. Ham. 1977. Patka kulasica, Melanitta fusca (L.), u Kopacfv- 

 skom Rezfrvatu i u Jugoslaviji. [Velvet Scoter, Melanitta fusca (L.), in 

 the Kopacevski Rit Reservation and in Yugoslavia in general.] Larus 29- 

 30: 137-140. [In Serbo-Croatian with English summary.] 



383 



