and constricted pupils (Hartung and Hunt 1966). 



Black Ducks are more likely to occur on salt water than most dabbling ducks, 

 and thus are more likely to become victims of oil spills. However, only a small 

 proportion of the winter population occurs in coastal waters of the southeastern 

 states. The species is most likely to be at hazard in North Carolina, where 

 over half the Black Ducks wintering in the southeast are found and where the 

 cooler winters will promote greater mortality from oiling. 



Table 4. Number of dead birds and number and percentage of dead Black Ducks 

 found after major oiling incidents. 



Area 



Dates 



Number Number Percent- 



of oiled of dead age of 



dead Black Black 



birds Ducks Ducks 



Source 



Island Beach, 

 New Jersey 



Jan. 1945 



92 (a) 



1.09 



Kramer and 

 Kramer 1945 



Off eastern 

 Canada 



Feb. -Apr. 1,276 (b,c) 1 

 1970 



0.08 



Brown et 

 al. 1973 



Chesapeake Bay, 

 Virginia 



Feb. 1976 8,385 (b) 12 



0.14 



Roland et 

 al. 1977 



(a) Total includes some birds that were not oiled. 



(b) Total includes only those birds identified to species. 



(c) Total includes both live and dead oiled birds. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



1980 



Eastin, W. C. , Jr., S. D. Haseltine and H. C. Murray. 1980. Intestinal ab- 

 sorption of 5 chromium compounds in young Black Ducks ( Anas rubripes ). 

 Toxicol. Letters 6: 193-197. 



Reinecke, K. J. and R. B. Owen, Jr. 1980. Food use and nutrition of Black 

 Ducks nesting in Maine. J. Wildl. Manage. 44: 549-558. 



Ringelman, J. K. 1980. The breeding ecology of the Black Duck in south-central 

 Maine. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Maine/Orono, ME. 101 pp. 



Ringelman, J. K. and J. R. Longcore. 1980. Computer simulation models as tools 

 for identifying research needs: a Black Duck population model. Trans. N.E. 

 Sec. Wildl. Soc. 37: 182-193. 



219 



