63 



None of the funds authorized to be appropriated to the 

 Department of Defense by this or any other act may be 

 used to finance any research project or study unless such 

 project or study has, in the opinion of the Secretary of De- 

 fense, a potential relationship to a military function or op- 

 eration. 23 



Despite this change in language, the Mansfield Amendment had a 

 long-lasting influence on how the Department of Defense justified 

 its expenditures for scientific research by introducing both greater 

 caution and uncertainty in the awarding of grants and contracts. 



Public Participation Movement 



The social movements of the late 1960s and early 1970s contrib- 

 uted to a general movement to increase public participation in 

 many areas of social decisionmaking, including the courts, law 

 making, policy formation, and project review. Science policy was in- 

 cluded in this. 24 Public interest environmental organizations such 

 as the Environmental Defense Fund, Natural Resources Defense 

 Council, Sierra Club, and Friends of the Earth became involved in 

 numerous issues that touched upon science and public participa- 

 tion. Often, these groups utilized their own scientists — usually 

 working as volunteers from universities — to address agency compli- 

 ance with environmental policies. The courts also were opened to 

 broader public interest participation, most notably through the 

 right of standing granted in the late 1960s to groups not necessari- 

 ly suffering economic loss. 



In the direct area of science policy, public participation was fos- 

 tered through the establishment of several public interest science 

 groups. These groups — such as Science for the People — challenged 

 both Federal projects and policies, and helped set the national 

 agenda. Although their participation ranged widely, they were 

 often concerned with environmentally-related issues. 



1970 Daddario Hearings 



Between July and September 1970, the House Subcommittee on 

 Science, Research and Development of the Committee on Science 

 and Astronautics held a series of hearings reviewing the course of 

 national science policy since World War II. 25 In large part champi- 

 oned by Subcommittee chairman Emilio Q. Daddario, Democrat of 

 Connecticut, these hearings sought to reevaluate thoroughly the 

 government-science relationship, and they served as the cutting 

 edge of Congressional efforts to formulate national science policy. 

 The Daddario Subcommittee addressed such concerns as the de- 

 cline in Federal support of science, the impact of the Mansfield 

 Amendment, the emphasis on applied research, and the growth of 

 popular criticism of science. 



23 See section 204 of Public Law 91-441. 



24 See James C. Petersen (ed.), Citizen Participation in Science Policy (Amherst: University of 

 Massachusetts Press, 1984). 



25 See U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Subcommittee on Sci- 

 ence, Research and Development, Toward a Science Policy for the United States (91st Congress, 

 2nd session. Washington: GPO, 1970). 



