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areas of predominate Federal responsibility such as defense, 

 space, or particular aspects of the regulated nuclear industry." 



December 11, 1981: S.1939 was introduced to amend title IV (Na- 

 tional Research Institutes) of the Public Health Service Act to es- 

 tablish a National Institute on Arthritis and Musculoskeletal 

 Diseases. The bill proposed that the Secretary of Health and 

 Human Services, acting through the Institute, operate separate 

 multipurpose arthritis and musculoskeletal disease research cen- 

 ters. 



December 29, 1981: President Ronald Reagan imposed additional 

 sanctions on scientific exchanges between the Soviet Union and 

 the United States, following the imposition of martial law in 

 Poland. Subsequently, the United States did not renew its ex- 

 change agreements with the Soviet Union on space, energy, and 

 science and technology, which expired in May, June, and July of 

 1982. 



February 16, 1982: Dr. George Keyworth, the President's science 

 adviser and Director of the Office of Science and Technology 

 Policy, established the White House Science Council to assist him 

 in examining major issues affecting various Federal science agen- 

 cies and to conduct studies of major programmatic and policy 

 issues which cut across agency responsibilities. 



April 2, 1982: President Ronald Reagan signed Executive Order 

 12356, National Security Information, which prescribed a uni- 

 form system for classifying, declassifying, and safeguarding na- 

 tional security information. Executive Order 12356 reversed a 30- 

 year trend by increasing the areas of research subject to classifi- 

 cation. The Executive Order increased the number of categories 

 of potentially classifiable scientific and technical information and 

 made it possible to reclassify scientific and technical information 

 previously released to the public. 



April 29, 1982: Dr. James B. Wyngaarden, Chairman of the Duke 

 University Department of Medicine, was appointed Director of 

 the National Institutes of Health. 



May 19, 1982: The House Committee on Science and Technology in- 

 serted language into the National Science Foundation Act for 

 Fiscal Year 1982 and 1983 (H.R. 5842) to establish the science 

 and engineering education directorate as a permanent entity of 

 the Foundation, rather than as an office within the Director's 

 Executive Office. 



May 24, 1982: S. 2562 was introduced. It proposed to transfer the 

 functions of the Department of Energy to the Departments of 

 Commerce, Interior, Justice, and Agriculture and the Federal 

 Energy Regulatory Commission. The legislation would have pro- 

 vided for the organization of energy and defense program func- 

 tions and for the continuation of Federal Energy Regulatory 

 Commission as a separate independent regulatory agency, and 

 would have established an energy data and information program 

 within the Department of Commerce. 



July 4, 1982: President Reagan issued the first of three major space 

 policy directives in his first term. The first, on July 4, 1982, ad- 

 dressed U.S. goals in space for the next decade for both military 

 and civilian space programs. The second, on May 16, 1983, con- 

 cerned the commercialization of expendable launch vehicles. Fi- 



