34 



Birds — ()») Liviiif; Rvsimivts 



For further information: 



Jerry Hupp 



National Biological Service 



Alaska Science Center 



1011 E.Tudor Road 



Anchoraae. AK 99503 



habitats, and reduce llieir ability to accumulate 

 body tat before migration (Brackney et al. 

 1987). Diminished fat reserves could reduce 

 survival during migration. 



References 



Anderson. M.G.. J.M. Rhymer, and F.C. Rohwer. 1992. 

 Phllopatry. dispersal, and the genetic struclurc of water- 

 fowl populations. Pages -^h5-39.'i in B.D.J. Bait. A.D. 

 Afton. M.G, Andersen. CD. Ankney. D.H. Johnson. J. A. 

 Kadlec, and G.L. Krapu. eds. Ecology and management 

 of breeding waterfowl. University of Minnesota Press, 

 Minneapolis. 



Bartonek. J.C. 1992. 1992 Pacific Flyway hrieluig matenal. 

 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland. OR. 90 pp. 



Bartonek. J.C. 1994a. Pacific brant Midwinter Survey 

 January 1993. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland. 

 OR. 4 pp. 



Bartonek. J.C. 1994b. 1993 Pacific Flyway fall and winter 

 goose surveys. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland. 

 OR. 8 pp. 



Brackney. A.W.. R.M. Platte. J.M. Morton, and D. Whiting. 

 1987. Ecology of lesser snow geese staging on the 

 Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, fall 

 1985. Pages 372-392 in G.W. Gamer and PE. Reynolds, 

 eds. 1985 Update report, baseline study of the fish, 

 wildlife, and their habitats. Vol. I . U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

 Service, Anchorage. AK. 



Byrd, G.V., and D.W. Woolington. 1983. Ecology of 

 Aleutian Canada Geese at Buldir Island. Alaska. U.S. 

 Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report- 

 Wildlife. 253. 18 pp. 



Derksen. D.V. 1978. Summary of Teshekpuk Lake aerial 

 goose surveys (1976-1978). U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

 Service, Anchorage, AK. 20 pp. 



Ely, C.E., J.Y. Takekawa. and M.L. Wege. 1993. 

 Distribution, abundance, and productivity of Wrangel 

 Island lesser snow geese An.ser caenili-.'iccnx during 

 autumn migration on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. 

 Alaska. Wildfowl 44:24-32. 



Hodges. J.I.. and B. Conant. 1986. Experimental Canada 

 goose survey northern portion of southeast Alaska. U.S. 

 Fish and Wildlife Service, Juneau, AK. 9 pp. 



Jensen, K.C. 1990. Responses of molting Pacific black 

 brant to experimental aircraft disturbance in the 



Teshekpuk Lake Special Area, Alaska, Ph.D. disserta- 

 tion, Texas A & M University, College Station. 72 pp. 



King, J.G.. and D.V. Derksen. 1986. Alaska goose popula- 

 tions: past, present, and future. Transactions of the North 

 .American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 

 5 1 :464-479. 



King. J.G., and C.P Dau. 1981 . Waterfowl and their habitats 

 in the eastern Benng Sea. Pages 739-753 in D.W. Hood 

 and J. A. Calder. eds. The eastern Bering Sea shelf: 

 oceanography and resources. Vol. 2. University of 

 Washington Press. Seattle. 



King. J.G., and C.J. Lensink. 1971. An evaluation of 

 Alaskan habitat for migratory birds. U.S. Fish and 

 Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 45 pp. 



King. R.J. 1984. Results of the 1982 and 1983 aerial goose 

 surveys at Teshekpuk Lake. Alaska. US Fish and 

 Wildlife Service. Fairbanks. AK. 10 pp. 



Lebeda. C.S.. and J.T. Ratti. 1983. Reproductive biology of 

 Vancouver Canada geese on Admiralty Island. Alaska. 

 Journal of Wildlife Management 47:297-306. 



Raveling. D.G.. J.D. Nichols, J.E. Hines, D.S. Zezulak, J.G. 

 Silveira, J.C. Johnson, T.W. Aldrich, and J. A. Weldon. 

 1992. Survival of cackling Canada geese, 1982-1988. 

 Journal of Wildlife Management 56:63-73. 



Schmutz, J.A., S.E. Cantor, and M.R. Petersen. 1994. 

 Seasonal and annual survival of einperor geese. Journal 

 of Wildlife Management 58:525-535. 



Subcommittee on Dusky Canada Geese. 1992. Pacific 

 Flyway management plan for dusky Canada geese. 

 Pacific Flyway Study Committee, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

 Service, Portland, OR. 28 pp. 



Timm, D.E., M.L. Wege, and D.S. Gilmer. 1982. Cun-ent 

 status and management challenges for tule white-fronted 

 geese. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and 

 Natural Resources Conference 47:453-463. 



USFWS and Canadian Wildlife Service, 1986. North 

 American Waterfowl Management Plan. U.S. Fish and 

 Wildlife Service. Washington. DC. 19 pp. 



LISFWS. 1989. Comprehensive management plans for arc- 

 tic nesting geese in Alaska. U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

 Service. Anchorage. AK. 107 pp. 



USFWS. 1991. Aleutian Canada goose recovery plan. U.S. 

 Fish and Wildlife Service. Anchorage. AK. 55 pp. 



Ward, D.H., R.A. Stehn, and D.V. Derksen. 1994. Response 

 of staging brant to disturbance at the Izembek Lagoon. 

 Alaska. Wildlife Society Bull. 22:220-228. 



North 



American 



Ducks 



by 



David F. Caithainer 



Graham W. Smith 

 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Semce 



Increased predation and habitat degradation 

 and destruction coupled with drought, espe- 

 cially on breeding grounds, have caused the 

 declines of some duck populations. More than 

 30 species of ducks breed in North America, in 

 areas as diverse as the arctic tundra and the sub- 

 tropics of Floiida and Mexico. For many of 

 these species, however, the Prairie Pothole 

 region of the north-central United States and 

 south-central Canada is the most important 

 breeding area (Fig. 1). although migratory 

 behavior and the life histories of different 

 species lead them to use many wetland habitats. 

 Numerous sources of information are avail- 

 able on the status of duck populations in North 

 Ainerica. The two most comprehensive and 

 reliable sources are the Breeding Population 

 and Habitat Survey, conducted since 1955 and 

 encompassing the Prairie Pothole region, bore- 

 al forests, and tundra habitats from South 



Fig. 1. The Prairie Pothole region and areas sampled in 

 the Breeding Population and Habitat Survey. 



Dakota to Alaska (Caithamer et al. 1993: Fig. 

 1 ). and the Midwinter Survey, encompassing 

 the United States and portions of Canada and 



