Our Liviiii; Resources — Binls 



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Ecology and Management of the Red-cockaded 

 Woodpecker. Proceedings of a Symposium. Bureau of 

 Sport Fislienes and Wildlife and Tall Timbers Research 

 Station. Tallahassee. FL. 



Jackson. J. .A., and B.J. Schardien. 1986. Why do red-cock- 

 aded woodpeckers need old trees? Wildlife Society Bull. 

 l4:.M8-.^22. 



Kappes. J.J. 1943, Interspecific mteractions associated with 

 red-cockaded woodpecker ca\ ities at a north Florida site. 

 M.S. thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville. 7.^ pp. 



Lennartz, M.R., R.G. Hooper, and R.F. Harlow. 1987. 

 Sociality and cooperative breeding of red-cockaded 

 woodpeckers iPicoiiles borealis). Behavioral Ecology 

 and Sociobiology 20:77-88. 



Meanly. R.M. I94_V Red-cockaded woodpecker breeding in 

 Maryland. Auk 60: 105. 



Murphey. E.E. 19.39. Dryobates borealis (VieiliotI, in A.C. 

 Bent. Life histories of North American woodpeckers. 

 Smithsonian Institution U.S. National Museum Bull. 

 174:72-79. 



Reed. J.M.. J.R. Walters. T.E. Emigh. and D.E. Seaman. 

 1993. Effective population size in red-cockaded wood- 

 peckers: population and model differences. Conservation 

 Biology 7(2 ):.302-.W8. 



Richardson. D.. and J. Stockie. In press. Intensive manage- 

 ment of a small red-cockaded woodpecker population at 



Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge. Red-cockaded 

 Woodpecker Symposium 111: Species Recovery. Ecology 

 and Management. Stephen F. Austin State University. 

 Nacogdoches. T.\. 



Rudolph. D.C.. R.N. Connor. D.K. Carrie, and R.R. 

 Schaefer 1992. Experimental reintroduction of red-cock- 

 aded woodpeckers. Auk 109(4):914-916. 



Stevens. E.E. In press. Population viability for red-cockaded 

 woodpeckers. Red-cockaded Woodpecker Symposium 

 III: Species Recovery. Ecology and Management. 

 Stephen F. Austin State University. Nacogdoches. TX. 



U.S. Army. 1994. Management guidelines for the red-cock- 

 aded woodpecker on army installations. U.S. Army Legal 

 Services Agency. Arlington. VA. 19 pp. 



USPS. 1993. Draft environmental impact statement for the 

 management of the red-cockaded woodpecker and its 

 habitat on national forests in the Southern Region. U.S. 

 Forest Service. Southern Region. Atlanta. GA. 460 pp. 



USFWS. 1985. Red-cockaded woodpecker recovery plan. 

 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Atlanta. GA. 88 pp. 



USFWS. 1994. Draft strategy and guidelines for the recov- 

 ery and protection of the red-cockaded woodpecker on 

 national wildlife refuges. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

 Atlanta. GA. 50 pp. 



Woodruff. E.S. 1907. Some interesting records from south- 

 ern Missouri. Auk 24:348-349. 



For further information: 



Ralph Costa 



U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 



Red-cockaded Woodpecker Field 



Office 



Department of Forest Resources 



Clemson University 



261 LehotskyHali 



Box 341003 

 Clemson. SC 29634 



The southwestern willow flycatcher 

 (Eiupid(mii\ iraillii twriiuus) occurs, as its 

 name implies, throughout most of the south- 

 western United States (Fig. 1). It is a 

 Neotropical migrant songbird, i.e.. one of many 

 birds that return to the United States and 

 Canada to breed each spring after migrating 

 south to the Neotropics (Mexico and Central 

 America) to winter in milder climates. In recent 

 years, there has been strong evidence of 

 declines in many Neotropical migrant songbirds 

 (e.g.. Finch and Stangel 1993). including the 

 southwestern willow flycatcher (Federal 

 Register 1993). The flycatcher appears to have 

 suffered significant declines throughout its 

 range, including total loss from some areas 

 where it historically occurred. These declines, 

 as well as the potential for continued and addi- 

 tional threats, prompted the U.S. Fish and 

 Wildlife Service (USFWS) to propose listing 

 the southwestern willow flycatcher as an endan- 

 gered species (Federal Register 1993). 



The southwestern willow flycatcher is one of 

 four distinct races of willow flycatchers that 

 breed in North America. All races breed in 

 shrubby or woodland habitats, usually adjacent 

 to, or near, surface water or saturated soil. 

 Riparian areas — woodland and shrub areas 

 along streams and rivers — are particularly 

 favored. In fact, the southwestern willow fly- 

 catcher is a riparian obligate, breeding only in 

 riparian vegetation. It prefers tall, dense wil- 

 lows and Cottonwood habitat where dense vege- 

 tation continues from ground level to the tree 

 canopy. Southwestern willow flycatchers 

 appear to breed in stands of the exotic and inva- 

 sive tamarisk {Tamarix spp.) only at locations 



above 625 m (2.051 ft) elevation (Federal 

 Register 1993). and where the tamarisk stands 

 have suitable structural characteristics (Fig. 2). 

 Thus, many areas dominated by tamarisk are 

 not suitable flycatcher habitat. Being a riparian 

 obligate, the southwestern willow flycatcher is 

 pailicularly sensitive to the alteration and loss 

 of riparian habitat (including tamarisk inva- 

 sion), which is a widespread and pervasive 

 problem throughout the Southwest. 



Because of the decline and precarious status 

 of southwestern willow flycatchers, it is impor- 

 tant to document the status of the species, where 

 it occurs, how many individuals are present, and 

 where they are successfully breeding. 

 Information on trends is also important in man- 

 aging and protecting the species. Grand Canyon 



Southwestern 

 Willow 



Flycatchers in 

 the Grand 

 Canyon 



by 



Mark K. Sogge 

 National Biological Service 



Fig. 1. Breeding distribution of the southwestern willow flycatcher Dotted line represents areas 

 where distribution is uncertain. 



