152 



Fishei — Old Lnina Rfscidxes 



For further information: 



Wayne C. Starnes 



Smithsonian Institution 



Division of Fishes MRC 1 39 



Washington. DC 2()?6() 



include extirpated populations through DNA 

 studies of inuseuni specimens if historic mater- 

 ial is available. 



Once a baseline is determined, researchers 

 and managers can know where to try to "hold 

 the line"" in inaintaining diversity through man- 

 agement and protection. Of course, on a sys- 

 temwide basis, the baseline diversity of a pris- 

 tine system can never be reattained because 

 genetically unique populations have already 

 been lost. On a more local basis, however, pos- 

 itive increments and recovery of the habitat are 

 indicated if monitoring reveals increased diver- 

 sity resulting from the successful reestablish- 

 ment of taxa which were conserved in other. 

 less altered, portions of the system. 



For monitoring purposes, when non-native 

 species are added to biodiversity determina- 

 tions, we must carefully tease out the cause of 

 shifts toward or from the "desired baseline" 

 which, in the case of the Colorado River, is 

 probably a value far less than the present over- 

 all number of species. Thus, "desirable"" out- 

 comes may be indicated by overall decreases in 

 diversity caused by the disappearance of non- 

 native taxa as an indicator of habitat "healing."" 

 but not so by the loss of native taxa. 

 Conversely, actual increases may yet be positive 

 if caused by reestablishment of native taxa. but 

 may be an indicator of further degradation if 

 caused by success of additional non-natives. 

 Realistically, monitoring will have to include, in 

 addition to determinations of diversity, attention 

 to shifts in dominance among native and non- 

 native species, which can be indicative of both 

 positive and negative trends. 



References 



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 106. 



Carlson. C.A.. CO. Prewitt. D.E. Snyder and E.J. Wick. 

 1979. Fishes and macromvertehrates of the White and 

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