Our Living Rcsimri 



Hawaii 



.«/ 



Species actions iiickide intensive site-manage- 

 ment programs (e.g.. predator control, disease 

 and vector control, food supplementation, 

 detailed ecological research, nest manipula- 

 tion), coupled with translocation and state-of- 

 the-art captive propagation and reintroduction. 

 These strategies are being applied to the criti- 

 cally endangered alala or Hawaiian crow 

 (Con'us hawaiiensis). During 1993 the remain- 

 ing wild population of 12 "alala was augmented 

 with the release of 5 juvenile birds hatched in 

 captivity from eggs removed from wild nests. 

 Limited nesting success in the remaining three 

 wild pairs prompted a "double-clutching" (see 

 glossary) strategy to increase egg productivity 

 and allow for artificial incubation and hatching. 

 Two other birds hatched from artificial incuba- 

 tion of wild-laid eggs were added to a captive 

 breeding flock; the 1994 season yielded five 

 chicks from wild nests and four new birds from 

 captive breeding. 



Habitat and ecosystem management are also 

 essential to conserve the remaining Hawaiian 

 birds, as well as for recovery of rare and listed 

 species. Unless we can better protect the natur- 

 al ecosystems in Hawaii today, the already enor- 

 mous list of endangered and extinct species 

 known from the Hawaiian Islands will grow and 

 species that are still common will also decline. 



References 



Atkinson. I.A.E. 1477. A reas.sessment of factors, particu- 

 larly Ratms niuus L.. that influenced the decline of 

 endemic forest birds in tlie I-lawaiian Islands. Pacific 

 Science 31:109-13.^. 



Banko. W.E.. and P.C. Banko. 1976. Role of food depletion 

 by foreign organisms in historical decline of Hawaiian 

 forest birds. Pages 29-34 in C.W. Smith, ed. Proceedings. 

 First Conference in Natural Sciences, Hawaii Volcanoes 

 National Park. Cooperative National Park Resources 

 Studies Unit, Department of Botany, University of 

 Hawaii. Honolulu. 243 pp. 



Berger. A.J. 1981. Hawaiian birdlife. 2nd ed. University 

 Press of Hawaii, Honolulu. 274 pp. 



Ellis, S. C. Kuehler. R. Lacy, K. Hughes, and U.S. Seal. 

 1992. Hawaiian Forest Birds Conservation Assessinent 

 and Management Plan, Final Report. Proceedings of the 

 Hawaiian Forest Birds Conservation Assessment and 

 Management Plan Workshop, 7-12 December 1992. 

 Hilo, Hawaii. Published by the Captive Breeding 

 Specialist Group. lUCN-The World Conservation 

 Union/Species Survival Commission. 142 pp. 



Engilis. A.. Jr.. and T. Pratt. 1993. Status and population 

 trends of Hawaii's native waterbirds. Wilson Bull. 

 105:142-158. 



Freed, L.A., S. Conant, and R.C. Fleischer. 1987. 

 Evolutionary ecology and radiation of Hawaiian passer- 

 ine birds. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2:196-203. 



Griffin, C.R., CM. King. J.A. Savidge, R Cruz, and J.B. 

 Cruz. 1989. Effects of introduced predators on island 

 birds: contemporary case histories from the Pacific. 

 Pages 687-698 (/; H. Ouellet. ed. Proceedings of the XIX 

 Ornithological Congress. Vol. I. 



Harrison, C.S. 1990. Seabirds of Hawaii. Comstock 

 Publishing Associates, Cornell University Press. Ithaca. 

 NY. 249 pp. 



Henshaw, H.W. 1902. Buds of the Hawaiian possessions. 

 T.G. Thrum, Publisher. Honolulu. HI. 146 pp. 



Jacobi. J.D. 1990. Distribution maps, ecological relation- 

 ships, and status of native plant communities on the 

 island of Hawaii. Ph.D. dissertation. University of 

 Hawaii, Honolulu. 291 pp. 



Jacobi, J.D. , and J.M. Scott. 1985. An assessment of the cur- 

 rent status of upland habitats and a.s.sociated endangered 

 species on the island of Hawaii. Pages 3-22 in C.P. Stone 

 and J.M. Scott, eds. Hawaii's terrestrial ecosystems, 

 preservation and management. Cooperative National 

 Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, 

 Honolulu. 584 pp. 



Kirch. PV. 1982. The impact of the prehistoric Polynesians 

 on the Hawaiian ecosystem. Pacific Science 36:1-14. 



Mountainspring. S.. and J.M. Scott. 1985. Interspecific 

 competition among Hawaiian forest birds. Ecological 

 Monographs 55:219-239. 



Olson. S.L.. and H.F James. 1982. Fossil birds from the 

 Hawaiian Islands: evidence for wholesale extinction by 

 man before western contact. Science 217:633-635. 



Perkins, R.C.L. 1893. Notes on collecfing in Kona. Hawaii. 

 Ibis 1893:101-114. 



Perkins. R.C.L. 1903. Vertebrata (Aves). Pages 365-466 in 

 D. Sharp, ed. Fauna Hawaiiensis. Vol. I, Part 4. The 

 University Press. Cambndge. England. 



Ralph. C.J.. and C. van Riper III. 1985. Historical and cur- 

 rent factors affecting Hawaiian native birds. Pages 7-42 

 in S.A. Temple, ed. Bird conservation 2. The 

 International Council for Bird Preservadon. United 

 States Section. The University of Wisconsin Press, 

 Madison. WI. 



Scott. J.M., C.B. Kepler. C. van Riper III. and S.I. Fefer 

 1988. Conservation of Hawaii's vanishing avifauna. 

 BioScience 38:238-253. 



Scott, J.M., S. Mountainspring, F.L. Ramsey, and C.B. 

 Kepler 1986. Forest bird communities of the Hawaiian 

 Islands: their dynamics, ecology, and conservation. 

 Studies in Avian Biology 9. 431 pp. 



Stone. C.P. R.L. Walker. J.M. Scott, and RC. Banko. 1983. 

 Hawaiian goose research and management — where do 

 we go from here? 'Elepaio44:l 1-15. 



USFWS. 1992. Endangered and threatened wildlife and 

 plants. 50 Code of Federal Regulations 17.1 1 and 17.12. 

 38 pp. 



van Riper, C. Ill, and S.G. van Riper 1985. A summary of 

 known parasites and diseases recorded from the avifauna 

 of the Hawaiian Islands. 1985. Pages 298-371 in C.P 

 Stone and J.M. Scott, eds. Hawaii's terrestrial ecosys- 

 tems: preservation and management. Cooperative 

 National Park Resources Studies Unit. University of 

 Hawaii, Honolulu. 584 pp 

 van Riper, C. III. S.G. van Riper. ML. Goff. and M. Laird. 

 1986. The epizootiology and ecological significance of 

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 56:327-344. 

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Palila [Loxioides l^ailleid) perched 

 in a mamane iSophora cliiysoplnl- 

 la) tree. This endemic forest bird 

 feeds primarily on the immature 

 seeds of the mamane. 



For further information: 



James D. Jacobi 



National Biological Service 



Hawaii Field Station 



PO Box 44 



Hawaii National Park, HI 96718 



