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Hawai'i — Our Living Resources 



For further information: 



David Foote 



National Biological Service 



Cooperative Parks Study Unit 



PO Box 52 



Hawaii National Park. HI %71S 



Carson. H.L., and K.Y. Kaneshiro. 1976. Drusoplulu of 

 Hawaii: systematics and ecological genetics. Annual 

 Review of Ecology and Systematics 7:,^1 1-345. 



Carson. H.L.. J.P Lockwood, and E.M. Craddock. 1990. 

 Extinction and recolonization of local populations on a 

 growing shield volcano. Proceedings of the National 

 Academy of Sciences 87:7055-7057. 



Cuddihy. L.W.. and C.P Stone. 1990. Alteration of native 

 Hawaiian vegetation. University of Hawaii Press. 

 Honolulu. 1.38 pp. 



DeSalle. R., and J. A. Hunt. 1987. Molecular evolution in 

 Hawaiian Drosophilids. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 

 2:212-216. 



Hammond. P. 1992. Species inventory. Pages 17-39 in B. 

 Groombridge. ed. Global biodiversity: status of the 

 earth's living resources. Chapman Hall, London. 



Hardy. D.E. 1965. Insects of Hawaii. Vol. 12. Diptera: 

 Cyclorrhapha II. Series Schizophora, Section 

 Acalypterae I. Family Drosophilidae. University of 

 Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 814 pp. 



Hoffmann. A. A., and M.W. Blows. 1993. Evolutionary 

 genetics and climate change: will animals adapt to glob- 

 al warming'.' Pages 165-178 in P.M. Kareiva. J.G. 

 Kingsolver. and R.B, Huey. eds. Biotic interactions and 

 global change. Sinauer and Associates, Sunderland. MA. 



Jacobi, J.D.. and J.M. Scott. 1985. An assessment of the cur- 

 rent status of native upland habitats and associated 



endangered species on the island of Hawaii. Pages 1-22 

 /(( C.P. Stone and J.M. Scott, eds. Hawaii's terrestrial 

 ecosystems: preservation and management. Cooperative 

 National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of 

 Hawaii, Manoa. 



Kaneshiro, K.Y. 1976. A revision of the generic concepts in 

 the biosystematics of Hawaiian Drosophilidae. 

 Proceeding of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 

 22:255-278. 



Olson, S.L.. and H.F James. 1991. Descnptions of thirty- 

 two new species of birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part 

 1 . Non-passeriformes. Ornithological Monographs 45: 1 - 

 88. 



Perkins, R.C.L. 1913. Introduction. Vol. 1. Fauna 

 Hawaiiensis. D. Sharp, ed. Cambridge University Press, 

 Cambridge. 



Quinn. J.F., and J.R. Karr. 1993. Habitat fragmentation and 

 global change. Pages 451-463 in P.M. Kareiva. J.G. 

 Kingsolver. and R.B. Huey, eds. Biotic interactions and 

 global change. Sinauer and Associates, Sunderland, MA. 



Stone, C.P. L.W. Cuddihy. and J.T. Tunison. 1992. 

 Responses of Hawaiian ecosystems to removal of feral 

 pigs and goats. Pages 666-704 in C.P. Stone. C.W. Smith, 

 and J.T, Tunison, eds. Alien plant invasions in native 

 ecosystems of Hawaii: management and research. 

 University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 



Birds of 

 Hawaii 



by 



Robert L. Pyle 

 Bishop Museum, Hawaii 



The wild birds inhabiting Hawaii are unique 

 and known worldwide. Native breeding 

 birds rank among the world's highest in 

 endemism, endangerment. and e.xtinction, and 

 Hawaii's total bird life contains a higher pro- 

 portion of non-native species than perhaps any 

 other area of comparable size. Interest in 

 Hawaii's birds centers on the status and trends 

 of its populations, understanding their ecologi- 

 cal requirements, and developing measures to 

 protect and conserve their remaining popula- 

 tions, which are dwindling at an alamiing rate. 

 The unique nature of Hawaii's bird life 

 results primarily from isolation. The Hawaiian 

 Islands, a linear archipelago extending some 

 2.650 km (1.646 mi) from Kure to Hawaii, is 

 4.000 km (2,484 mi) from the nearest point in 

 North America and 3.400 km (2,1 1 1 mi) from 

 Asia. The wild colonizers, individual birds or 

 small groups out over the ocean, were the first 

 to stumble on Hawaii, where they remained to 

 live and breed. This process has been going on 

 for millions of years, with two species repeating 

 the same process within the past 15 years. Then 

 came evolution of new species in situ, as many 

 of these original colonizers changed through 

 adaptation and tilled unused ecological niches 

 in these young islands. During the past 2,000 

 years, humans began inhabiting the islands, 

 bringing with them some birds that otherwise 

 would never have reached Hawaii on their own. 

 In addition, some strong-flying species that reg- 

 ularly migrate long distances have found 

 Hawaii and developed annual migration pat- 

 terns that bring them to the islands for part of 

 each year during the nonbreeding season. 



Current Status 



It is convenient to categorize the wild birds 

 of Hawaii into residents and visitors. Resident 

 species remain permanently in Hawaii; visitors 

 regularly come to Hawaii for only part of each 

 year. Each group can be further divided. 

 Residents are either native species that arrived or 

 evolved here naturally or alien species brought 

 in by humans. Visiting birds either come to 

 Hawaii to breed or breed elsewhere and come 

 during nonbreeding season. True pelagic 

 species, which spend all their time at sea except 

 when breeding, are considered to have visited 

 Hawaii if they have occurred in Hawaii's off- 

 shore waters within the 200-nautical mile zone. 



Native Residents 



Native resident species may be either indige- 

 nous, meaning that others of the same species or 

 subspecies reside elsewhere in the world, or 

 endemic, meaning that they are found nowhere 

 else. The latter may be endemic at subspecies 

 level, at species level, or at genus or higher level. 

 For example, endemic at subspecies level means 

 that others of its species are found elsewhere, 

 but the subspecies occurs only in Hawaii. 



Alien Residents 



Polynesians first settled in Hawaii roughly 

 2,000 years ago (Kirch 1982), Only one bird 

 species brought by the early Polynesians still 

 survives in Hawaii as an established alien 

 species, the red junglefowl (Gallus galhis), 

 ancestor of the domestic chickens. The 



