Our Livini; Resources — Human Influences 



407 



Table 2. Some diseases transmit- 

 ted by or to translocated animals 

 in the United States (adapted from 

 Woodford 1993i. 



'w/c— wild caught, c/b — captive bred 



data base and monitoring program for propaga- 

 tion, introduction, and translocation programs. 

 This data base should be readily available to 

 managers planning similar programs and should 

 provide a mechanism for assessing the positive 

 and negati\e effects of these programs. 



References 



Boyer. D.A.. and R.D. Brown. 1988. A survey of transloca- 

 tions of mammals in the United States. 1985. Pages 1-1 1 

 in L. Neilsen and R.D. Brown, eds. Translocation of wild 

 animals. Wisconsin Humane Society. Milwaukee. Wl. 

 and Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, 

 Kingsville. TX. 



Brand, C.J. 1987. Duck plague. Pages 117-127 in M. 

 Friend, ed. Field guide to wildlife diseases. U.S. Fish and 

 Wildlife Service Resour. Publ. 167. 



Davidson. W.R.. M.J. Appel. G.L. Doster, O.E. Baker, and 

 J.F. Brown. 1992. Diseases and parasites of red fo,\es. 

 gray foxes, and coyotes from commercial sources selling 

 to fo.x-chasing enclosures. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 

 28:581-589. 



Davidson, W.R., and V.F Nettles. 1992. Relocation of 

 wildlife: identifying and evaluating disease risks. 

 Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural 

 Resour. Conference 57:466-473. 



Davidson. W.R.. V.F Nettles. C.E. Couvillion. and H.W. 

 Yoder. Jr. 1982. Infectious sinusitis in wild turkeys. 

 Avian Diseases 26:402-405. 



Gogan. P.J. P. 1990. Considerations in the reintroduction of 

 native mammalian species to restore natural ecosystems. 

 Natural Areas Journal 10:210-217. 



Gnffith. B., J.M. Scott. J.W. Carpenter, and C. Reed. 1989. 

 Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and 

 strategy. Science 245:477-480. 



Grift"ith,''B., J.M. Scott. J.W. Carpenter, and C. Reed. 1993. 

 Animal translocations and potential disease transmis- 

 sion. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 24:231-236. 



Jacobson. E.R.. J.M. Gaskin, M.B. Brown, R.K. Harris. 

 C.H. Gardiner, L. La Pointe. H.P. Adams, and C. 

 Reggiardo. 1991. Chronic upper respiratory tract disease 

 of free-living desert tortoises. Journal of Wildlife 

 Diseases 27:296-316. 



Jenkins, S.R.. B.D. Perry, and W.G. Winkler. 1988. Ecology 

 and epidemiology of raccoon rabies. Review of 

 Infectious Diseases I0:S620-S625. 



Jessup, D.A.. B. Abbas, D. Behymer. and P. Grogan. 1981. 

 Paratuberculosis in tule elk in California. Journal of the 

 American Veterinary Medical Association 179:1253- 

 1254. 



Jessup. D,A., R.K. Clark, and N,D, Kock, 1991, Contagious 

 ecthyma in free-ranging desert bighorn sheep: Iatrogenic 

 and zoonotic cases. Pages 215-217 in Proceedings of the 

 American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 



Junge. R,E,. ed, 1992, Proceedings of the Joint Conference 

 of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians and the 

 .American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, 

 Oakland. CA, 404 pp, 



Neilsen. L,. and R.D. Brown, eds. 1988. Translocation of 

 wild animals. Wisconsin Humane Society, Milwaukee, 

 and Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute. 

 Kingsville. TX. 333 pp. 



Nettles, V.N., J.E. Pearson. G.A. Gustafson, and J.L. Blue. 

 1980. Parvovirus infection in translocated raccoons. 

 Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 

 177:787-789. 



Rupprect, C.E., and J.F. Smith. 1995. Raccoon rabies: the 

 reemergence of an epizootic in a densely populated area. 

 Seminars in Virology 5. In press. 



Samuel, W.M., M.J. Pybus, DA. Welch, and C,J, Wilke, 

 1992, Elk as a potential host for meningeal worm: impli- 

 cations for translocation. Journal of Wildlife 

 Management 56:629-639. 



Snyder, S,B. M,J, Richard. R,C. Drewein, N, Thomas, and 

 'j,R Thilsted. 1991. Pages 74-80 in Diseases of whooping 

 cranes seen during annual migration of the Rocky 

 Mountain flock. Proceedings of the American 

 Association of Zoo Veterinarians. 



Thome. E.T.. M.M. Miller, D.A. Jessup. and D.L. Hunter. 

 1992. Pages 18-25 /;; Disease as a consideration in 

 translocating wild animals. Proceedings of the American 

 Association of Zoo Veterinarians. 



Ullrey. D.E.. ed. 1993. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife 

 Medicine 24:229-424. 



Utterback, W.W. 1973. Epidemiology of VVND in southern 

 California. Proceedings of the United States Animal 

 Health Association 76: 280-287. 



Williams. E.S.. E.T Thome. D. Kwaitkowski. and R. 

 Oakleaf. 1992. Overcoming disease problems in the 

 black-footed ferret recovery program. Pages 474-485 in 

 R.E. McCabe, ed. Transactions of the Fifty-seventh 

 North American Wildlife and Natural Resources 

 Conference. Charlotte. NC. 



Winkler. W.G.. and S.R. Jenkins. 1991. Raccoon rabies. 

 Pages 325-340 in G..M. Baer. ed. The natural history of 

 rabies. 2nd ed. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 



Wolff. PL., and U.S. Seal. eds. 1992. International 

 Conference on Implications of Infectious Diseases for 

 Captive Propagation and Reintroduction Programs of 

 Threatened Species. Oakland. CA. 



Woodford. M.H. 1993. Intemational disease implications 

 for wildlife translocation. Joumal of Zoo and Wildlife 

 Medicine 24:265-270. 



Birds 

 59% 



Mammals 

 38% 



Reptiles and amphibians 

 3% 



Fig. 2. Percentage of translocated 

 animals by classes. 1971-86: aver- 

 age number of translocations per 

 year was 515 (Gnffith et al. 1993). 



For further information: 



Joshua Dein 



National Biological Service 



National Wildlife Health Center 



6006 Schroeder Rd. 



Madison, Wl 53711 



