METHODS AND RESULTS OF ETHNOLOGY. 211 



keep their minds open and their judgments freely 

 balanced. 



Ethnology, as thus defined, is a branch of An- 

 thropology, the great science which unravels the 

 complexities of human structure; traces out the re- 

 lations of man to other animals; studies all that is 

 especially human in the mode in which man's com- 

 plex functions are performed; and searches after 

 the conditions which have determined his presence 

 in the world. And anthropology is a section of 

 Zoology, which again is the animal half of Bi- 

 ology — the science of life and living things. 



Such is the position of ethnology, such are the 

 objects of the ethnologist. The paths or methods, 

 by following which he may hope to reach his 

 goal, are diverse. He may work at man from the 

 point of view of the pure zoologist, and investigate 

 the anatomical and physiological peculiarities of 

 Negroes, Australians, or Mongolians, just as he 

 would inquire into those of pointers, terriers, and 

 turnspits, — " persistent modifications " of man's 

 almost universal companion. Or he may seek aid 

 from researches into the most human manifesta- 

 tion of humanity — Language; and assuming that 

 what is true of speech is true of the speaker — a 

 hypothesis as questionable in science as it is in ordi- 

 nary life — he may apply to mankind themselves 

 the conclusions drawn from a searching analysis of 

 their words and grammatical forms. 



Or, the ethnologist may turn to the study of 



