56 THE MAN-LIKE APES. i 



are mere races, and how far any of them are 

 identical with the Sumatran Orang, as Mr. Wal- 

 lace thinks the Mias Pappan to be, are problems 

 which are at present undecided; and the variabil- 

 ity of these great apes is so extensive, that the 

 settlement of the question is a matter of great 

 difficulty. Of the form called " Mias Pappan," 

 Mr. Wallace * observes, 



" It is known by its large size, and by the lateral ex- 

 pansion of the face into fatty protuberances, or ridges, 

 over the temporal muscles, which have been mis-termed 

 callosities, as they are perfectly soft, smooth, and flexible. 

 Five of this form, measured by me, varied only from 4 

 feet 1 inch to 4 feet 2 inches in height, from the heel to 

 the crown of the head, the girth of the body from 3 feet 

 to 3 feet 7 J inches, and the extent of the outstretched 

 arms from 7 feet 2 inches to 7 feet 6 inches; the width 

 of the face from 10 to 13J inches. The colour and length 

 of the hair varied in different individuals, and in dif- 

 ferent parts of the same individual; some possessed a 

 rudimentary nail on the great toe, others none at all ; but 

 they otherwise present no external differences on which 

 to establish even varieties of a species. 



" Yet, when we examine the crania of these indi- 

 viduals, we find remarkable differences of form, propor- 

 tion, and dimension, no two being exactly alike. The 

 slope of the profile, and the projection of the muzzle, to- 

 gether with the size of the cranium, offer differences as 

 decided as those existing between the most strongly 

 marked forms of the Caucasian and African crania in the 

 human species. The orbits vary in width and height, the 



* On the Orang-Utan, or Alias of Borneo, Annals of 

 Nut urn I JJisiory, 185G. 



