190 HUMAN FOSSILS. in 



skull; in the degree to which the upper jaw (which 

 is of course followed by the lower) is thrown back- 

 wards and downwards under the fore part of the 

 brain case, or forwards and upwards in front of 

 and beyond it. They differ further in the relations 

 of the transverse diameter of the face, taken 

 through the cheek bones, to the transverse diam- 

 eter of the skull; in the more rounded or more 

 gable-like form of the roof of the skull, and in the 

 degree to which the hinder part of the skull is 

 flattened or projects beyond the ridge, into and 

 below which the muscles of the neck are inserted. 

 In some skulls the brain case may be said to be 

 " round" the extreme length not exceeding the 

 extreme breadth by a greater proportion than 100 

 to 80, while the difference may be much less.* 

 Men possessing such skulls were termed by 

 Retzius "brachiocephalic" and the skull of a 

 Calmuck, of which a front and side view (reduced 

 outline copies of which are given in Fig. 27) are 

 depicted by Von Baer in his excellent " Crania 

 selecta," affords a very admirable sample of that 

 kind of skull. Other skulls, such as that of a 

 Negro copied in Fig. 28 from Mr. Busk's " Crania 

 typica," have a very different, greatly elongated 

 form, and may be termed " oblong." In this skull 

 the extreme length is to the extreme breadth as 

 100 to not more than 67, and the transverse di- 

 ameter of the human skull may fall below even 



* In no normal human skull does the breadth of the 

 brain ease exceed its length. 



