INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION, 1959-79 379 



progress, unless there is some substantial evidence of good faith on the part of the 

 Russians. * * * It is not possible to separate completely the peaceful and military 

 implications of space technology. I sec no reason why wc should enter into arrange- 

 ments with the Soviet Union or other international bodies which would result in our 

 disclosing great quantities of important information in the areas in which we hold 

 the lead and in which it appears Russia has done little. 



On April 24, 1962, Anfuso fired back in a public address which 

 reiterated: 



International cooperation in outer space should be fostered and expanded with 

 vigor, especially between the United States and the Soviet Union. If these two 

 nations work at cross purposes in the exploration and use of outer space, all mankind 

 will be the losers. Working together in a spirit of cooperation, however, they can 

 immeasurably benefit not only themselves but all humanity. 



Anfuso also reminded his listeners that he had already proposed 

 "that an international team, including Soviet as well as American par- 

 ticipation, join hands for the manned exploration of the Moon. * * * 

 At the time I made this suggestion, it was regarded in some quarters as 

 unrealistic or even radical. Now it is under serious study by both 

 countries." 



Anfuso's proposal, as noted on pages 174-176, sparked a new 

 public debate when President Kennedy in 1963 addressed the United 

 Nations and urged a joint American-Soviet effort for a manned flight 

 to the Moon. 



Kerr's doctoral dissertation records Fulton's 1962 view of the 

 controversy in these terms: 



I am diametrically opposed to Teague who puts a low ceiling on space. Fulton 

 puts a high ceiling on space. Fulton wants open skies, cooperation in space explora- 

 tion, and defense of space spending in terms of peaceful uses. With open societies and 

 open space exploration, cooperation will be enhanced, not impeded by distrust. The 

 containment attitude toward the Soviet world is wrong in this case. We should press 

 for maximum cooperation rather than foster an attitude of distrust and suspicion. 

 Disarmament is a separate matter — it can only start on a small scale. 



Although the committee was divided, the official positions which 

 Anfuso and Fulton held in United Nations discussions, as well as the 

 many behind-the-scenes efforts and foreign contacts made by Chairman 

 Miller helped swing far stronger committee influence on the side of 

 cooperation. Miller hailed the bilateral agreement between the United 

 States and the U.S.S.R. in 1963, pledging cooperation in meteorology, 

 mapping the Earth's magnetic field, and endorsing a passive communi- 

 cations satellite experiment. 



THE OUTER SPACE TREATY OF 1967 



The departure of Anfuso at the end of 1962 to become a judge left 

 Miller and Fulton as the leading internationalists on the committee. 



