Sum>: 



combustion, have markedly increased the concentrations of many atmospheric 

 constituents, including greenhouse gases. A descriptive theory of the biosphere is 

 required to understand the causes and consequences of these changes and to 

 permit change measurement and prediction. Space capabilities are essential to this 

 effort because they provide a global perspective. 



The funding and logistical support needed to achieve biospherics goals transcends 

 the resources of any single organization. Increased cooperation is, therefore, 

 required among NASA organizations, Government agencies, and spacefaring 

 nations. 



Exobiology focuses on questions long pondered by humankind, such as, Are we 

 alone in the universe? What led to the origin of life on Earth? Exobiologists believe 

 that the early environments of Mars and Earth were similar and that samples 

 from Mars could fill gaps in Earth's geological record. Any valid indication of life 

 on Mars would support the hypothesis that life can originate wherever the 

 physical and chemical environment is favorable. For these reasons, robotic probes 

 followed by human missions to Mars will yield important scientific answers. 



Recommendations: To understand the exobiology and biospherics issues relevant 

 to the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the universe, NASA should: 



• Make the science requirements of biospherics and exobiology integral to plans 

 for its Mission to Planet Earth and Exploration of the Solar System initiatives. 



• Develop within those divisions having similar interests in planetary biology — 

 the Life Sciences, Solar System Exploration, Earth Science and Applications, and 

 Astrophysics Divisions — additional programs to promote maximum return from 

 collaborative research. 



• Include the Biospherics Research Program as a participant in the development 

 and implementation of the Earth Observing System and other remote-sensing 

 technologies. 



• Initiate the Microwave Observing Project now, before radiofrequency interference 

 makes it exceedingly difficult or impossible to conduct research from Earth. 



• Pursue vigorous programs of ground-based research, remote observations, and 

 instrument development for use on missions to assess evidence bearing on the 

 possible origin of life on Mars and the nature of chemical evolution on other 

 solar system bodies. 



• Develop the technology of robotic round trip, sample selection and analysis, and 

 sample return for exploration of the surface of Mars, asteroids, and comets. This 

 effort should include precautions to avoid the spread of contamination within 

 the solar system. 



• Significantly enhance the ground- and space-based research capabilities and 

 infrastructure (funding, personnel, and facilities) for planetary biology in order to 

 maintain the Agency's leadership role in this area and to optimize the scientific 

 return of future missions. 



