Crew Factors 



Human/Machine Integration 



Findings 



• Well-established and validated principles do not exist currently for effectively 

 distributing tasks between human and automated systems. 



• Future space-flight missions will involve the use of more complex and 

 autonomous systems with fewer human operators. The potential for human 

 error may be increased. 



Recommendations 



• Crew/environment interactions should be studied intensively to provide the 

 basis for designing space systems that will elicit and sustain optimal crew 

 performance. 



• Information needs to be obtained from rigorous scientific study of crew 

 members in prolonged space-flight conditions and in analog research 

 settings that will help determine the factors related to optimal crew 

 performance. Direct access to crew members is required to assess the factors 

 that influence crew performance and psychology. The information resulting 

 from such efforts is essential to designing living and working environments 

 that will maximize crew productivity. 



• Studies that examine the allocation of functions between humans and 

 machines to enhance crew performance during space flight, particularly 

 during long-duration missions, should be continued. Operating systems 

 should be designed to accommodate human error. 



Crew Selection 



Findings 



• It is necessary to understand how to select members for small groups that 

 must work and live together for prolonged periods in isolated and confined 

 environments. 



• The selection process needs to include group training in team building and 

 crew coordination, communication skills, and crisis management. 



Recommendations 



• Current investigations, space flight, and analog settings information should 

 be the basis for intensive, directed research. 



• Small groups should be studied in increasingly realistic situations for longer 

 times to identify predictors and training that make for group success. 



Command and Control Structure 



Finding 



• The success of long-duration missions will depend in part on the effectiveness 

 of the crew's authority structure. 



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