Contents 



Foreword ix 



Summary 1 



1. Overview 17 



Space Medicine and Biology 18 



Biological Systems Research 19 



Flight Programs 21 



Future Course 22 



2. Findings and Recommendations 25 



Overarching Recommendations and Strategies 25 



Human Space Flight 28 



Gravitational Biology 31 



Planetary Biosciences Research 33 



Flight Programs 35 



Program Administration 37 



3. Life Sciences in the Space Program 39 



Biomedical Research 40 



Radiation 53 



Crew Factors 67 



Systems Engineering 79 



Operational Medicine 91 



Gravitational Biology 101 



Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems 112 



Biospherics Research 124 



Exobiology 132 



Flight Programs 154 



Program Administration 171 



Applications 185 



Appendix 191 



Background on the Committee 191 



Glossary 201 



Selected Bibliography 203 



Photograph Credits 212 



Index 213 



List of Abbreviations and Acronyms inside back cover 



