96 • Technologies To Maintain Biological Diversity 



should meet the four criteria for effective pub- 

 he pohcy: 



1. Adequacy— meets the accepted standards 

 of objectivity, completeness, reproducibil- 

 ity, and accuracy, and is appropriate to the 

 subject and the application. 



2. Value — addresses a worthwhile problem; 

 neither too narrow nor too broad. 



3. Effectiveness— able to influence policy in 

 a constructive way and linked with the net- 

 work of decisionmakers responsible for the 

 issue. 



4. Legitimacy — carries a widely-accepted pre- 

 sumption of correctness and authority (3). 



CHAPTER 4 REFERENCES 



1. Arnold, M.H., "Plant Gene Conservation," Na- 

 ture 39:615, Feb. 20, 1986. 



2. Benvischke, K., "The Impact of Research on the 

 Propagation of Endangered Species in Zoos." 

 Genetics and Conservation, C. Schonewald-Cox, 

 et al. (eds.) (Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cum- 

 mings Publishing Co., Inc., 1983). 



3. Clark, W.C, and Majone, C, "The Critical Ap- 

 praisal of Scientific Inquiries With Policy Im- 

 plications," Science, Technology, and Human 

 Values, forthcoming. 



4. diCastri, F., "Twenty Years of International 

 Programmes on Ecosystems and the Biosphere: 

 An Overview of Achievements, Shortcomings, 

 and Possible New Perspectives," Global Ghange, 

 T.F. Malone and J.G. Roederer (eds.) (New York: 

 Cambridge University Press, 1985). 



5. Frankel, O.H., and Soule, M.E., Gonservation 

 and Evolution (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge 

 University Press, 1981). 



6. Lucas, C, and Oldfield, S., "The Role of Zoos, 

 Botanical Gardens and Similar Institutions in 

 the Maintenance of Biological Diversity," OTA 

 commissioned paper, 1985. 



7. Randall, A., "Human Preferences, Economics, 

 and the Preservation of Species," The Value of 

 Biological Diversity, B.C. Norton (ed.) (Prince- 

 ton, Nl: Princeton University Press, 1986). 



8. Salwasser, H., U.S. Forest Service, personal 

 communication, September 1986. 



9. Shapiro, H.T., et al., "A National Research Strat- 

 egy," Issues in Science and Technology, spring 

 1986, pp. 116-125. 



10. Wildt, D.E., National Zoological Park, Smithso- 

 nian Institution, Washington, DC, personal com- 

 munication, July 1986. 



11. World Wildlife Fund— U.S., Annual Report 1984 

 (Washington, DC: 1984). 



