110 * Technologies To Maintain Biologicai Diversity 



Figure 5-1.— Growth of the Global Network of 

 Protected Areas, 1890-1985 



Number of areas 



3,000 r 



2,000 - 



(U 



E 



1,000 - 



1970 1985 



Extent of areas 



400 



£ 300 - 



200 - 



100 - 



1870 1890 1910 



1930 



1950 



1970 1985 



Year 



SOURCE: International Union for ttie Conservation of Nature and Natural Re- 

 sources, The United Nations List of National Parks and Protected Areas 

 (Gland, Switzerland: 1985), 



vation terms from wildlife sanctuaries in In- 

 dia. Designated national parks of the United 

 Kingdom are quite different from national parks 

 in the United States. And in Spain, national 

 parks, nature parks, and national hunting re- 

 serves indicate different types of protection. 



To clarify this situation and to promote the 

 full range of protected area options, the Inter- 



national Union for the Conservation of Nature 

 and Natural Resources (lUCN) provides a series 

 of 10 management categories (37,38). Protected 

 areas are categorized according to their man- 

 agement objectives, rather than by the name 

 used in their official designations (see table 5- 

 1). Thus, the national parks of the United King- 

 dom are placed under category V (protected 

 landscape or seascape), rather than under cat- 

 egory II (national parks). Standardization of the 

 categories also facilitates international compar- 



Table 5-1.— Categories and Management Objectives 

 of Protected Areas 



I. Scientific reserve/strict nature reserve: To protect and 

 maintain natural processes in an undisturbed state for 

 scientific study, environmental monitoring, education, 

 and maintenance of genetic resources. 



II. National parl<: To protect areas of national or interna- 

 tional significance for scientific, educational, and recrea- 

 tional use. 



III. Natural monument/natural landmark: To protect and pre- 

 serve nationally significant features because of tfieir spe- 

 cial interest or unique characteristics. 



IV. Managed nature reserve/wildlife sanctuary: To assure the 

 conditions necessary to protect species, groups of spe- 

 cies, biotic communities, or physical features of the envi- 

 ronment that require specific human manipulation for 

 their perpetuation. 



V. Protected landscape or seascape: To maintain nation- 

 ally significant landscapes characteristic of the harmoni- 

 ous interaction of humans and land, while allowing rec- 

 reation and tourism within the normal lifestyles and 

 economic activities of these areas. 



VI. Resource reserve: To protect the natural resources of 

 the area for future use and prevent or contain develop- 

 ment activities that could affect the resource, pending 

 the establishment of objectives based on knowledge and 

 planning. 



VII. Natural biotic area/anthropological reserve: To allow the 

 way of life of societies living in harmony with the envi- 

 ronment to continue. 



VIM. Multiple-use management area/managed resource area: 

 To provide for the sustained production of water, tim- 

 ber, wildlife, pasture, and outdoor recreation, with con- 

 servation oriented to the support of the economic activ- 

 ities (although specific zones may also be designed 

 within these areas to achieve specific conservation ob- 

 jectives). 

 IX. Biosphere reserve: To conserve an ecologically repre- 

 sentative landscape in areas that range from complete 

 protection to intensive production; to promote ecologi- 

 cal monitoring, research and education; and to facilitate 

 local, regional, and international cooperation. 

 X. World heritage site: To protect the natural features for 

 which the area was considered to be of world heritage 

 quality, and to provide information for worldwide pub- 

 lic enlightenment. 



SOURCE: J.W, Ttiorsell, "The Role of Protected Areas in Maintaining Biological 

 Diversity in Tropical Developing Countries," OTA commissioned pa- 

 per, 1985. 



