Ch. 5— Maintaining Biological Diversity Onsite • 119 



Figure 5-3.— Design of a Coastal or IVIarine Protected Area 



Core 



Step 1 



Step 2 



Step 3 



^Habitats adjacent and linked to habitats of interest by species movements or fiows of nutrients. 

 ^Headquarters; ranger stations; and traditional fistiing, recreational, researcti, and education zones. 

 *-Waterstieds, agricultural lands, urban and industrial developments, rivers, and estuaries. 

 '^Shipping lanes, commercial fistiing grounds, and intensive use zones. 



SOURCE: R.V. Salm, Marine and Coastal Prolecled Areas: A Guide for Planners and Managers (Gland, Switzerland: International Union 

 for ttie Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1984). 



2. a primitive area to be used for watershed 

 protection and recreation, 



3. an extensive use area for recreation and 

 education, and 



4. a natural recovery area eventually for agri- 

 cultural and commercial use. 



Zoned development seems an especially im- 

 portant concept for marine and coastal areas, 

 which are particularly vulnerable to events out- 

 side their boundaries even when they are pro- 

 tected. Figure 5-3 is an idealized design for a 

 coastal- or marine-protected area. 



A more recently developed integrated ap- 

 proach holds potential for resolving many of 

 the problems that arise in onsite maintenance 

 of biological diversity. An example is the in- 

 tegrated regional development planning, which 

 is discussed later in this chapter. 



Ecosystem Rei 



ri< 



As degraded ecosystems become more com- 

 mon, restoration will play an increasing role 

 in conserving biological diversity. Underlying 

 most of the discussion in this chapter has been 

 the assumption that protected areas are desig- 

 nated where ecosystems are in a relatively nat- 

 ural condition. Another important approach, 

 however, is to protect and sometimes manipu- 

 late degraded ecosystems in order to restore 

 some degree of biological diversity. Restoration 

 techniques are being used by conservation orga- 

 nizations, such as The Nature Conservancy and 

 the Audubon Society, and by government agen- 



cies, such as the National Park Service to en- 

 large or adjust the shape of reserves (43). 



Reclamation is action intended to restore 

 damaged ecosystems to productive use (43). 

 Restoration is the re-creation of entire commu- 

 nities of organisms, closely modeled on com- 

 munities that occur naturally. Reclamation 

 gradually becomes restoration as more and 

 more naturally occurring species are used and 

 as natural plant and animal succession occurs. 

 Restoration technologies, which depend heav- 

 ily on the knowledge gained from reclamation 

 experience, attempt to accelerate natural suc- 

 cession processes while assuring that indig- 

 enous rather than exotic species dominate. 



Restoration is an onsite method that provides 

 links with offsite activities to preserve species. 

 Zoos and botanic gardens conserve rare species 

 offsite for reintroduction onsite (see ch. 6). 

 Nurseries and seed facilities provide plants and 

 seeds for a variety of revegetation efforts, al- 

 though materials for most native plants still 

 must be gathered from the wild (42,44). Reintro- 

 ductions of animals from captive populations 

 are few but include the Arabian oryx, the golden 

 lion tamarin (a recent effort), and plans to rein- 

 troduce Przewalski's horse in Mongolia (see ch. 

 6, box 6-E). A few plant reintroductions from 

 offsite collections also exist. The Knowlton's 

 cactus [Pediocactus knowltonii) has been 

 returned to the natural environment from cut- 

 tings by the Fish and Wildlife Service (55). 



Some States, such as Florida, require the use 

 of native species in reclamation, but reclama- 



