CONTENTS 



Page 



Highlights 169 



Overview 169 



Objectives of Offsite Collections 169 



Considerations in Selecting Technologies 171 



Collecting Samples 173 



Strategies 173 



Selecting Sites for Collecting 173 



Quarantine 175 



Quarantine and Plant Importation 177 



Safeguards for Reducing Risk in Imported Germplasm 177 



Storing Samples 178 



Conventional Seed Storage 180 



Cryogenic Storage of Seeds 183 



Field Maintenance and Controlled Environments 184 



Pollen Storage 184 



Biotechnology 185 



Management of Stored Materials 187 



Using Plants Stored Offsite 190 



Evaluation 190 



Traditional Breeding 191 



Biotechnological Improvement 191 



Needs and Opportunities 194 



Develop a Standard Operating Procedure 194 



Improve Movement of Germplasm Through Quarantine 196 



Promote Basic Research on Maintenance and Use of Plant Germplasm . . 196 



Chapter 7 References 197 



Tables 



Table No. Page 



7-1. Crops and Trees Commonly Prohibited Entry by Quarantine 



Regulations in 125 Countries 178 



7-2. Technologies and Practices To Detect Pests and Diseases of 



Quarantine Significance and the Pathogens to Which They Are Most 



Frequently Applied 179 



7-3. Storage Technologies for Germplasm of Different Plants 179 



7-4. Estimated Costs of Conventional and Cryogenic Storage 184 



7-5. Somaclonal Variation in Economically Important Plant Species 193 



Figvres 



Figure No. Page 



7-1. Regions of the World Where Major Food Crops Were Domesticated . . .176 

 7-2. Maintenance Process of a Plant Seed Bank 180 



Boxes 



Box No. Page 



7-A. Definitions Relevant to Offsite Plant Collections 170 



7-B. The History of Plant Collection 174 



7-C. Breeding and the Development of Gaines Wheat 192 



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