524 THE ANATOMY OF INVERTEBRATED ANIMALS. 



VII. A foetus with the blastoderm divided into five seinneTits, of which the cyatho- 

 zo5id (I.) 19 the largest. VIII. A foetus, tlie aBCidiozo5ids of which half encircle 

 the base of the cyaihoz )5id. IX. Fcetii?, the most advanced etage observed. The 

 remains of the conjoined cyathozooid and ovisac are hidden by the circle of 

 ascidiozooids. -■,,.■, 



The letters have the same signification in all the figures, a, test; a^, labial process ; 

 a*, lip of the cloacal aperture; a^, ceils of the enibryoi;ic test ; e, oral aperture ; 

 p\ atrial aperture ; ^, endostyle ; P, Z^, branchial sac and siidrmata; r, heart; z-^, 

 stolons of the adult ascidiarium ; r*, stolons of the embryonic ascidiarium ; s, ovi- 

 sac; t, testis ; M, w', ovum; w', peduncle of a bud; x, the alimentary portion of 

 the endoderai entering into a bud; x^, its generative portion; x^, the ectoderm 

 entering into a bud ; «, the ceieoblast ; z, ganglion. 



I., II., III., IV., V. Segments of the blastoderm. I. CyathozcOid. IV.-V. Ascidio- 

 ' zooids. B, mouth of the cyathozooid. 



which develop new ascidiozooids, are given off at intervals ; 

 but, more commonly, the ascidiarium is massive, and the as- 

 cidiozooids retain no permanent connection with one another. 

 In the BotnjllidrB^ the zooids are arranged in whorls around 

 a common central cavity, or cloaca, into which the atria of 

 all the members of the whorl open. In Pyrosoma, which is 

 a sort of floating Botryllus, the process of budding is highly 

 instructive, as it exempliiies the manner in which gemmation 

 occurs in the Tanicata in general.^ 



The ascidiarium of Pyrosoma (Fig. 150, I.) has the form 

 of a hollow cylinder, rounded and closed at one end, truncated 

 and open at the other, formed of a firm transparent test, in 

 which the zooids are arranged in whorls. Their oral apertures 

 open on the exterior surface, and their atrial apertures into 

 the interior of the cylinder. The haemal aspect of each zooid 

 is turned toward the closed end of the cylinder. The bran- 

 chial sac has the ordinary structure, and each zooid is provid- 

 ed with a testis and with an ovisac, containing a single ovum. 



E^ery zooid multiplies by gemmation from a region of the 

 body which lies immediately behind the extremity of the en- 

 dostyle. Close to the heart, attached to a short caecal process 

 of the endoderm which constitutes the extremity of the endo- 

 style, and which I have termed the endostylic cone, is a cellu- 

 lar mass — the remains of that mass of indifferent tissue which 

 I have called the generative blastema, and from which the gen- 

 erative organs of the gemmiparous zooid have been developed 

 (Fig. 150, II.). The endostylic cone elongates, and, curving 

 toward the haemal side of the bodj^, applies itself closely to the 

 ecoderm (Fig. 150, III.). The latter grows out into a conical 

 elevation, which projects into the surrounding substance of 

 the test, and contains a mass of mesoblastic cells, one of which 



* Huxley, " Anatomy and Development of Pyrosoma.'''* (" Trans. Linnaean 

 Society," i860.) Kowalewsky {I. c, infra^ p. 616). 



